Landscape Fragmentation and Wildlife Habitat

Landscape Fragmentation and Wildlife Habitat Landscape or habitat fragmentation is the breaking up of a habitat or vegetation type into smaller, disconnected sections. It is generally a consequence of land use: agricultural activities, road building, and housing development all break up existing habitat. The effects of this fragmentation go beyond a simple reduction of the amount of habitat available. When sections of habitat are no longer connected, a suite of issues can follow. In this discussion of the effects of fragmentation I will refer mostly to forested habitats, as it can be easier to visualize, but this process happens in every type of habitat. The Fragmentation Process While there are many ways landscapes can become fragmented, the process most often follows the same steps. First, a road is built through relatively intact habitat and dissects the landscape. In the United States the road network has been thoroughly developed and we see few remote areas newly dissected by roads anymore. The next step, landscape perforation, is the creation of small openings in the forest when houses and other buildings are being built along the roads. As we experience exurban sprawl, with housing built in rural areas away from the traditional suburban belts, we can observe this landscape perforation. The next step is fragmentation proper, where the open areas merge together, and the originally large expanses of forest get broken up into disconnected pieces. The last stage is called attrition, happens when development further gnaws away at the remaining habitat pieces, making them smaller. The scattered, small woodlots dotting agricultural fields in the Midwest are an example of the pattern that follows the process of landscape attrition. The Effects of Fragmentation It is surprisingly difficult to measure the effects of fragmentation on wildlife, in great part because fragmentation occurs at the same time as habitat loss. The process of breaking up existing habitat into disconnected pieces automatically involves a reduction in the habitat area. Nevertheless, accumulated scientific evidence points to some clear effects, among which: Increased isolation. Much of what we learned from the effects of isolation on habitat fragments comes from our study of island systems. As patches of habitat are no longer connected, and the further apart they become, the lower the biodiversity in these â€Å"island† patches. It is natural for some species to disappear temporarily from habitat patches, but when the patches are far apart from one another, animals and plants cannot easily come back and recolonize. The net result is a lower number of species, and therefore an ecosystem that is missing some of its components.Smaller habitat patches. Many species need a minimum patch size, and fragmented sections of forest are not large enough. Large carnivores notoriously need large amounts of space, and are often the first ones to disappear during the fragmentation process. Black-throated blue warbler territories are much smaller, but they need to be established within forest stands at least several hundred acres in size.  Nega tive edge effects. As habitat gets fragmented into smaller pieces, the amount of edge increases. Edge is where two different land covers, for example a field and a forest, meet. Fragmentation increases the edge-to-area ratio. These edges affect conditions a significant distance into the forest. For example, light penetration into the forest creates drier soil conditions, winds damage trees, and invasive species presence increases. Many bird species that need interior forest habitat will stay away from the edges, where opportunist predators like raccoons abound. Ground nesting songbirds like wood thrush are very sensitive to edges. Positive edge effects. For a whole suite of species, though, edges are good. Fragmentation has increased the density of small predators and generalists like raccoons, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Whitetail deer enjoy the proximity of forest cover to fields where they can forage. A notorious brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird, responds positively to edge, as it can then better access forest birds’ nest to lay their own eggs. The host bird will then raise the cowbird’s young. Here, edges are good for the cowbird, but certainly not for the unsuspecting host.

Montezuma essays

Montezuma essays You do not lead by hitting people over the head thats assault, not leadership quoted by Dwight D. Eisenhower. This quote describes how Montezuma, the last independent Aztec ruler, and the greatest leader of the Aztecs, treated his Aztec people before the Spaniards conquest and domination of Tenochititlan. Montezuma was known as one of the greatest leaders in history. To understand more about his life, it is important to understand who the Aztecs were and their powerful empire. Knowing more about the Aztecs, then it comes to knowing about the Aztec government and Montezumas leadership life. Finally, it is important to understand the fall of Montezuma and the Aztecs to the dominating Spaniards. During the same period as the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire dominated Mesoamerica from Mexico and Guatemala to the territories of Salvador and Honduras for nearly 100 years. This empire consisted of the native speaking people known as the Nahuatl-speakers and those of the Culhua-Mexico, who had migrated from the Pacific Northwest and inhabited the area which would become the capital of Mexico, Tenochtitlan. The people of this culture were refined workers, merchants, farmers and fishermen. Also, they were devoted worshippers of the many gods of the Sun. In this role they were responsible for providing the blood of sacrificial victims to sustain the sun in its journey each day across the sky. While human sacrifices were also offered to other gods in the Aztec empire, it was this need to maintain the sun that was the basis for the warrior religious group of the Aztec state. This cult promoted warfare as the means for taking prisoners to be offered on the sacrificial stone of th e great pyramid. Their blood provided nutrition for the sun and another day of life and light for the world. The Aztecs believed that their ancestors were not from Central America. They believed that their ancestors came fro...

Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film - Assignment Example This movie will definitely be an extremely valuable content for inclusion in our course and it will immensely benefit the students in the understanding and adopting measures to combat the problem. Engaging the students with assignments based on the series will help them further in appreciating the complexities. This can prompt them to work on creating awareness about the problem in their families as well as communities and such measures can go a long way in preparing the society in a better way to encounter the issue. The Bogalusa Heart Study, touted as the first of its kind that autopsied children to find â€Å"evidence of heart disease,† confirms that 20% of them had fat deposits and also manifested high blood pressure and cholesterol level (Chaykin 2012). This also is the first scientific evidence that fat deposits â€Å"involved in heart disease† can be present in children (Chaykin 2012). The most unique fact is that it continued for over 40 years, following more than â€Å"16000 children† into their adulthood (Chaykin 2012). The study has further established that about 77 percent of the participants in the research are found to be obese as adults. Besides, it reveals that over 50% of Bogalusa children are obese, which is a matter of significant worry. Overall, this research has been the only one of its kind and can set an example for and guide future studies on obesity as well as other diseases. When the weight of a person increases, body fat accumulates around the middle and, as a result, changes occur in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, these changes may not be easily discernible for a person to understand it in the normal course. However, unattended, the problems may end up in cardio-vascular diseases and may cause death. More importantly, for the first time, the Bogalusa research shows that

The Merits of Privatization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Merits of Privatization - Research Paper Example tes, transcontinental railroad constructed by public and private partnerships during the nineteenth century is one of the earliest examples of privatization in the US. The transcontinental public private partnership is always cited as an example by the people who support privatization. Privatization not only brings efficiency but it also helps in curtailing costs and reduces bureaucracy. (Loulakis, 2003) The recent financial downturn and government bailouts have severely affected the American economy. With the government deficits and costs of borrowing increasing day by day, many leading economists have advocated privatization of government functions which would bring budgetary discipline and would reduce government’s financial burden. Though the consumers are greatly benefited by the reduction in the costs of goods and services due to privatization, the only point which may negatively affect the citizens is accountability. Citizens do not have any control over private companies and cannot punish them, like they can punish the government by not voting for them in state or central elections. Another point of concern with privatization is that private firms operate with only one motive that is profitability, which is secondary in government owned and operated firms. Though, privatization has greatly improved product quality and cost, there are certain services which should not be privatized. Sectors like defense, law enforcement, education and basic healthcare should always be under State control. The future of the country depends a lot on the above mentioned sectors and therefore, the motive of cost cutting, profitability and competition should not come into consideration. However, certain functions like sourcing of certain products can be outsourced. Another reason why these sectors should be under State control is because in case of any adverse events the government must have the capacity and the control to handle the situation quickly and

Macbet Act II Scene II Essay Example for Free

Macbet Act II Scene II Essay This scene was one of the most significant, as it the scene where Macbeth murders Duncan, but feels remorse and guilt afterwards. The murder is not shown so that it is left to the audiences imagination. Also, to signify that the murder has taken place, an owl shrieks. This was thought to be a sign of a bad omen, and it suggests that it is upsetting the natural balance of things (at that time people believed that everything had a natural order and to change this would change other things), as even the natural world knows that Duncan has been murdered. Shakespeare creates tension by setting the scene at night so that when Macbeth returned, Lady Macbeth did not know who it was at first and for a moment she thinks that Macbeth had not succeeded in killing Duncan and the attendants had woken up, and she says; thattempt and not the deed confounds us meaning that if Macbeth only tried to murder Duncan and did not succeed then they would be ruined. Macbeths character so far is shown as noble and loyal, as in act 1 scene 2 Macbeth is talked about as being; A good and hardy soldier (line 4). In reward for his greatness, Duncan awards Macbeth the title of Thane of Cawdor (as the witches predicted). Macbeth does have some ambition, because when the witches tell him he is going to be king, he wants to speak more to Banquo about it. However, in his letter to Lady Macbeth, he says; Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it meaning that he would like to be king but not attain it by bad deeds. Lady Macbeths thoughts are that she wants Duncan to be killed. She calls on evil spirits to give her the strength to do it; Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to toe topfull of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, stop thaccess and passage to remorse (Act 1 scene 5, lines 39-43) which means evil spirits- make me as strong willed as a man and fill me with cruelty, and make me have no remorse. The setting of act 2 scene 2 is Macbeths castle. This is shown as quit an eerie setting, as you can hear noises from the outside, and it very dark. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are on stage. In lines 1-8, Lady Macbeth is feeling bold, from line 1; That which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold. She comments on how she had drugged the attendants, and she says in lines 7-8; That death and nature do contend about them, whether they live, or die. This shows that she is not really concerned whether they live or die. However, in line 9 she begins to worry that they have been caught, and also says; Had he [Duncan] not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet, showing that she is not completely evil, as she could not murder Duncan as he resembled her father. At the end of the scene she becomes strong, as she takes the daggers from Macbeth (as he brought them back) and goes and puts them back. Macbeths mood is that of distress and remorse. This is shown by the fact that he accidentally brings back the daggers when he was supposed to place the by the attendants. This creates dramatic tension, as this would incriminate Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. At he end of the scene, Macbeth feels he cant live with himself, and says in line 76; To know my deed, twere best not know my self meaning that if he is to acknowledge what he has done, he must assume a new identity, as a murderer, and forget who he really is. Dialogue on and off the stage is that of death. Lady Macbeth tries to reassure Macbeth that he has he has done the right thing, as he is very disturbed about what he has done. The dialogue also shows how the outside and natural world is reacting to what has been done; the owl hooting, the crickets crying, the knocking and also when someone laughed in their sleep and one cried Murder! (Line 25) The effect of these noises reflects the beliefs of that time that to change the natural order of things (how things naturally turn out) is to affect everything. It creates tension by suggesting that the outside world will find out and Macbeth will be punished. The audiences response is that they feel that something supernatural is happening, due to the noises, and to the images Macbeth sees and sounds he hears, like the voice he hears (lines 44-46) saying he will sleep no more. When Macbeth first appears on the scene, his first words are (line 14); I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise? The words I have done the deed suggest that he cannot bring himself to admit what he has done. The words didst thou not hear a noise? suggest that he expected to be caught, and that someone would have heard and come after him. His conversation with Lady Macbeth is that he is in some way shocked about what has happened. He says what he heard, and in lines 38-39, and 33-34, Lady Macbeth talks to him but he doesnt hear her as he is too deep in his own thoughts. Macbeth uses short, sharp sentences; like when?As I descended?Hark, who lies ithsecond chamber?This is a sorry sight (lines 17, 19, 21 and 23), because he is repeating what happened, and he is very distraught about what he has done. This effects the audience by creating tension, as Macbeth seems to have gone mad. In lines 29-36 Macbeth says how he could not pronounce Amen after someone cried God bless us. This shows that Macbeth does not feel he deserves Gods blessings, as he is too evil. In lines 38-46, Macbeth says that he heard a voice saying that he had murdered sleep. This shows his guilt that he will never be able to sleep again, and his remorse, as he shall never have peace from what he has done. Lady Macbeths reaction is to tell him not to keep thinking about these thoughts, and to reassure him. She is aware that they must put the daggers back, so at this point she has no guilt or remorse. When Macbeth comes back after murdering Duncan, he is carrying the daggers he used. This suggests to the audience that he is not in a proper frame of mind, and is still shocked by what he has done. It also suggests that he is not in control. Lady Macbeth had told him to leave them by the attendants to incriminate them. When he comes back, Lady Macbeth tells him to go and put them, back, but when he wont, she does it. This shows that she does not mind blaming innocent people. The audiences reaction is that she is very much in control, and knows what both of them must do. Macbeth will not go back because he says; Ill go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done; look ont again, I dare not. This reveals his guilt because he can hardly comprehend that he has done something so awful. This also shows his conscience, as he says I dare not, showing he does not know what his reaction would be, so knows he is not in control of himself. When Macbeth returns, his hands are red with Duncans blood. Once Lady Macbeth puts the daggers back, her hands are also red. Macbeth says in lines 63-65; Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No: this my hand will rather the multitudinous sea incarnadine. This means that he feels that all the seas in the world could not ash the blood off his hands, and that instead his hands would turn all the oceans red, and also that it will never wash off the blood stain on his conscience, so he feels that he will never be as innocent as he was before the murder. Lady Macbeth says in lines 67-68; My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white. The words my hands are of your colour mean that her hands are red, but also that she is now as guilty of the murder as Macbeth is. The words but I shame to wear a heart so white means that she is criticising her husband, by saying that she would not want to be so cold and heartless. The washing of the hands is significant later because Lady Macbeth sleepwalks and washes her hands in her sleep. Macbeths feelings are of extreme guilt and in line 62 he says; What hands are here? Ha: they pluck out mine eyes. This means that he wishes he did not have any eyes so he did not have to see the blood of the man he murdered. At the end of the scene, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth hear knocking. Lady Macbeth does not show any guilt or conscience, as she is only concerned with them getting back to their rooms to not seem suspicious and to get rid of the blood on their hands. Macbeth says how he cannot carry on if he does not forget who he is as he has a bas conscience, and in line 77 he says; Wake Duncan with thy knocking: I would thou couldst. This shows that he wishes Duncan was still alive, so feels guilty about him being dead. The audiences reaction is that they feel slightly sorry for Macbeth, as he was pressured into the murder by Lady Macbeth and know has to live with his guilt. This scene is the turning point of the play, because it is the point of no return; after Duncan is murdered there is no way Macbeth can go back. It is also the start of Macbeths journey from good to evil. At this point his guilt is at its highest, and later he is a bloody tyrant. This is because Lady Macbeth reassures him that once this is done everything will be fine, so he kills because he feels he has to, but later he kills because he is angry (act 4 scene 2). Lady Macbeth also changes. In the beginning, she is in control and has no conscience, but in the end, she is so out of control and so guilty that she kills herself. Her change is also shown by her speech, as in act 2, scene 2, line 70, she says; a little water clears us of this deed, whereas in act 5, scene 1, lines 44-45, she says: all the perfumes in Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Also, she begins to sleepwalk and acts out washing her hands. Finally, in act 5, scene 9, lines 37-38, Malcolm says about Lady Macbeth; by self and violent hands took off her life. This has a double meaning for the audience, as it means Lady Macbeth killed herself, but it could also be interpreted and by her violence and her guilt (of her blood-stained hands) she killed her soul. The ending of act 2 scene 2 creates dramatic tension by ending with Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both in different frames of mind; Lady Macbeth making sure they dont get caught and Macbeth lost in thought and guilty over what he has done.

The Traditional Culture of Asian Civilizations from 1500 to 1700 Essay

Do you feel that Asian Civilizations from 1500 to 1700 veered towards modernity or careened back toward traditional culture? From the 16th to 18th century, the prominent Asian Civilizations were the Mughal Empire, the Ming Dynasty of China and the Edo Period of Japan. There was an obvious trend that these empires leaned toward traditional culture mainly because of political influences. Although there were also several aspects of each society such as the more important role of women in the Mughal Empire, the interactions of the Jesuits with China and Japan that might be indicative of modernity or act as a precursor to modern values, the reversion of traditional culture in each civilization is so much greater that it outweighed the progress towards modernity. The early Mughal Emperors were religiously tolerant, unlike previous Muslim rulers and they embraced the cultures of the Indians that they conquered. Even though they were Muslims, Hindu art and literature once again flourished and the rulers themselves followed a traditional Maharaja style of ruling that paralleled themselves to divine avatars with absolute authority. Respect from commoners was thus mandatory. (Murphey 190) The Ming Dynasty was established when a rebel by the name of Hongwu successfully reclaimed China from Mongolian Rule. Triumphant in breaking free from their Mongolian oppressors, the people of China tried to restore the former glory of their ancestors by embracing their traditional customs that their Mongolian rulers forbade. This started a trend in conservatism where there was fervent determination to establish the original Chinese way of life after Mongol humiliation. (Murphey 213) Due to paranoia, Emperor Hongwu tried to prevent intellectua... ... in gender equality was no different than their traditional customs. In conclusion, Asian civilizations from the 1500 to 1700 were generally not open to radical changes; they were more comfortable embracing old customs. The Indians fell back on their age old Hindu practices and caste system. The Ming Chinese were influenced to practice conservatism and upholding original Confucian Ideals by their Emperor. The Edo Japanese upheld the Imperial tradition of having an Emperor as well as secluding themselves from foreigners to protect their customs from Western cultural corrosion. The first wave of Europeans to reach Asia did not manage to influence much of these civilizations since they already had a proper, formalized government and hundreds even thousands of years of culture. Therefore, Asian civilizations from 1500 to 1700 were generally traditionalistic.

Internal Management Essay

1.0 Introduction I am a second year student of Applied Languages and Information Technology. I have been assigned an Internal Management Report on the recruitment, selection and induction training methods of a company. I have chosen Hertz International Reservations Call Centre in Swords, Co. Dublin as I recently completed a week on work placement there. While on work placement there, I learnt about how the call centre operates and the selection and training procedures. In my assignment I will give a report on my findings. 2.0 Recruitment Methods in Hertz The main part of recruitment in Hertz is done through recruitment agencies. The agency in which Hertz use is ‘Richmond Recruitment’. The other means of recruitment is by accessing applications on file. These present application forms may be postal CV’s, emailed CV’s or Internet applications. Applications can be made directly to Hertz on their website at www.hertz.com or www.hertz.co.uk. From time to time newspapers are also used as a way to recruit staff. Internal recruitment, i.e. positions for Team Leaders/Market managers is also popular within Hertz call centre. 3.0 Selection Methods 3.1 Curriculum Vitaes All CV’s which are received by Hertz are screened by the recruitment team and/or Team Leaders. The qualities and competencies in which they look for in a CV are: * Customer service skills and experience, including an ability to work well with the public and an ability to adopt a customer perspective. * Technical skills, including proficiency with computers, systems and keyboarding skills. * Strong verbal communication skills, including good voice quality, diction and articulation. 3.2 Interviews After the process of the selection and elimination of CV’s, the unsuccessful applicants are sent a letter within weeks. The agencies are also notified. The accepted candidates are notified with a date and time of interview. There are usually two interviews given. The recruitment team does the first interview although depending on the position and CV. The second is performed by a Team leader/Manager with a recruitment panel. The same questions are asked of all candidates (so that valid comparisons can be made). The interviewer emphasises the demands of the job e.g. shift hours, weekend work etc. It is then up to the candidate to decide whether they can commit to the job or not. Education, why Hertz appeals, greatest achievements are just some of the questions which are asked in the interview. If the candidate is good, the interviewer asks about notice period, holidays booked, if a work permit is required and salary expectations. The candidate is then asked if they have any questions, the contract conditions are explained and they are thanked for attending the interview. Notes are taken by the interviewer to help asses candidates more effectively after the interview. They also help to communicate to human resources department and other managers. They clearly state the outcome of the interview and an offer/rejection is then made. 3.3 The interview assessment At the end of a panel interview, each member of the panel compares the attributes of the candidate against the criteria laid down in the job description. This type of analysis helps ensure objectivity and enables the reason for selection/non-selection to be identified. After the 2nd interview, references are carried out prior to offer. The recruitment team then offers the position, and a contract is sent to the successful candidate. When the contract is returned, an employee file is set up. 4.0 Induction 4.1 Customer Service Training On the issue and acknowledgement of a position offered, Hertz Swords, notifies the employee of the commencement of their position. All new employees must complete a four to six week intensive training course. (Depending on hours of training per day). This begins from day one. A timetable is issued to each employee to show the programme of Induction training. On the first day photographs are taken for access cards which are needed to enter and exit the building and to eat lunch. The new employees are then introduced to trainers and each other. A presentation on the history of Hertz and overview of the company is then given. Health and safety, HR and payroll are explained followed by a tour of the building, customer services and fire safety. Coffee breaks and lunch are timetabled in between. Staff handbooks are given out which includes many important issues on being an employee at Hertz. It provides the employee on important information such as canteen facilities, computers, discipline procedures, drug policy, security, absence, equal opportunities, bullying & sexual harassment and more. During week one of training the employee is given the opportunity to become familiar and relaxed within Hertz. Week two of training consists of shadowing calls. This is done by sitting with a Team leader or customer service agent and listening in on their incoming and outbound calls. This is taken place in the market language of the position of the trainee. The purpose of this is to give the employee an insight into what their job initials. The trainees see how the agent enters the information into the computer. In week three and four the trainee is then thought how the system is used which is Escalibre. Country, city and airport codes are learned. There are also codes for the car type. Each car has four codes. Each position in the four-character vehicle code represents a definable characteristic of the vehicle. They are given a list on the imput codes and must learn them off. The trainee is also trained in sales, i.e. how to sell a car reservation and how to take a call. Here are some guidelines in which they are trained to follow: * Try to answer the telephone promptly * Greet the caller with a clear, cheerful voice * Identify yourself * Listen closely and offer assistance. * Act with speed and courtesy * Offer our customer a satisfactory conclusion to his/her call. * Create a good image of Hertz They are trained as to how to deal with an angry caller: * Firstly, don’t take the problem personally * Stay calm and listen! * Be patient. * Avoid interrupting until the caller has let off steam. * Avoid being rude yourself * Use careful questioning to sort out the problem * Offer positive assistance where possible. * If you are unable to deal effectively with the problem, make sure you pass the call on to someone who can. * Never make false promises to get rid of the problem Further training in week four consists of make mock calls i.e. practising with other trainees, reversing roles as the customer service agent and customer. Customer’s name is always Mr. Test! Additional training is given on the special offers, Hertz # 1 club gold card, Le swap magique and other packages. The trainee is thought about the benefits and terms and conditions, which must be explained to the customers. After the four weeks of training the new employee is ready to start their new position. Further on the job training is given during the duration of their new employment. 4.2 Prevention of strain/injury Training must follow legal compliance. Without training agents are exposed to significantly increased risk of aches, pains, stress and debilitating injury. Information alone is very rarely effective as staff tend to dismiss it. Staff need to understand how to make the most of their workstation (chair, desk and equipment), how to take responsibility for their own comfort and safety and what to do if problems arise. Managers and IT personnel need to be familiar with policy of workplace and equipment and safety to ensure planning and maintenance are correct. 5.0 Conclusions/Recommendations I feel Hertz International Call Centre in Swords has a very up to date and efficient Recruitment, Selection and Training procedure. The interviews are intense by non-discriminatory. The selection procedure is justly as it is essential for the company to choose the right candidate suitable for the position. The internal recruitment is also very successful as it gives the current staff of Hertz to progress within the company. Their training is very skilful and intense. The on-going training within the company is very successful and professional. I feel Hertz benefits from the procedures in which they have in place for the recruitment, selection and training of staff. 6.0 Bibliography I would like to thank all the staff working in Hertz. Without them this report would not be possible. I received most of my knowledge and information on the company from them. I would also like to thank my auntie Ann for sitting down to talk to me about her work in Hertz.

The prevention of leakage in water resources

A PROPOSAL FOR RISK MANAGEMENT OF PREVENTION OF LEAKAGE IN WATER RESOURCES WITH THE INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM IN WATER CORPORATION AUSTRALIA AbstractionThe Water Corporation in Australia is confronting a job of H2O escape somewhat above the targeted bound. The chief ground behind it is the clip consumed in describing any escape and explosion. This is due to miss of connectivity between entering system and care system of corporation. Therefore, to put in such a system which links all the systems of corporation possess many hazards that are identified and proper solutions were suggested. The procedure of hazard direction trades with the activities related to coordination of undertaking proposal, taking and commanding the hazards present in the undertakings to accomplish the marks of undertaking. For this intent foremost, the specific hazards were highlighted and identified. Second hazards were assessed and classified based on the precedence in footings of its possible happening and the degree of hazard ( high, medium or low ) . As a effect, all the expected hazards that may impact the ends and the aims of the undertaking can be identified and therefore, all hazards can be eliminated or minimized by the organisation. This can be achieved by monitoring and commanding the chance of bad incidents and their impact on the undertaking and besides maximising the chances to acquire the maximal benefit out of that specific undertaking. Table of Contentss Abstraction 1.COMPANY Profile 2.INTRODUCTION 3.TERM OF REFERENCE 4.PROJECT TEAM & A ; TASKS 5.RISK ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM INSTALLATION FOR INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM 6.CONCLUSION/SUGGESTIONS List OF REFERENCES1. Company PROFILEThis corporation was established in 1995 as a Government Trading Enterprise or GTE. The chief operating countries of corporation are fresh H2O, drainage, waste H2O and direction of dikes and weirs. Although it is owned by the State Government, it operates on the principal of net income coevals in order to acquire maximal fiscal additions to increase the company’s value. The charges on the H2O supply and its other services in all countries under corporation service span are set by the State Government irrespective of the fact that different cost is incurred on supply of H2O in different countries. 300000 liters of H2O per twelvemonth in a specific residential service country is the sum on which corporation charges similar sum but after that it varies harmonizing to the sum of H2O supply. The corporation has the 34000 kilometer of the H2O grapevines which are managed for any leak and loss of H2O is measured after 100 kilometer of that grapevin e ( Auditor General ‘s Report, 2014 ) . The chief H2O supply strategy of the Corporation is functioning 1.5 million people most of which are in Perth, agricultural lands, Goldfields and to some countries in the south-western portion. The chief H2O resources are ground H2O which constitutes 46 % , H2O from dikes or surface resources which are 31 % of entire and besides the desalinated H2O which is 23 % of the entire H2O supply ( Corporation, 2013 ) . The H2O corporation’s vision is to work as a squad in order to profit the society and take attention of environment. The safety of people and employees is being prioritized at the corporation. Everything comes after the safety of people. The corporation value the customer’s demands and act consequently. No affair what sort of conditions is or how much cost is incurred the corporation aims to keep the life style of Western Australia. Diversification of beginnings is a major concern at the corporation in order to salvage H2O supply for the future coevals. Corporation besides gives the H2O efficient merchandises in order to salvage the H2O. There are besides H2O efficient solutions for the concern in order to salvage clip and money. Corporation has besides advertised the construct of salvaging the H2O in the signifier of commercials. They call their H2O salvaging plan as fresh H2O thought. In their 50 twelvemonth hereafter program in which they aim to cut down the H2O demand and go climate resilient company. Their chief purposes are to cut down the H2O use up to 25 % which will back up their fresh H2O believing plan. Their 2nd aim is to increase the H2O recycling up to 60 % from the current degree. Development of H2O beginnings of H2O is besides the portion of the program. They plan to develop up to 100 billion liters of H2O from new beginnings. The groundwater environment is secured with the aid of deeper aquifers. Besides the undertaking of desalinization of sea H2O is in the grapevine. The sea H2O desalinization has become a new and advanced manner to cut down the use of fresh H2O resources. The dams’ influx is being reduced due to less supply of H2O but the desalinization plan can carry through the demand of the supply to the dike. In this manner the sustainability of environment has become a major concern of the corporation. Customer has got a particular place in the corporation. Their concerns and demands are to the full reported and are seeking to be handled in an effectual manner. The online client attention Centre attempts to react to every call from clients in order to describe any ailment. The client can hold their personal history on the web site and can even pay their measure. Customers can hold the better understanding about their history demands. The H2O collected and treated from waste H2O is another beginning of H2O supply. There are 109 intervention workss of waste H2O in the western portion of Australia for this intent. Most of the intervention is done by three major workss in Perth and other support these workss. The irrigation territories in Northwest, Midwest and Southwest are besides served by the corporation. The irrigation H2O supply to these countries is 240 Giga liters per annum. The corporation besides maintains the drainage system in Perth. It does it in order to take preemptive steps before any inundation to protect the belongings and the environment. In rural parts about 2250 km country is served for this intent while Perth has 900 kilometer of country covered by the corporation for drainage system. More than three 1000 people are working in the corporation and the replacing value of 31.6 billion dollars while the assets are valued about 15 billion dollars. The major portion of company’s net incomes goe s to the State Government and remainder is used in the capital development of the Corporation.2. IntroductionHarmonizing to Auditor Generals’ study of Western Australia 2012-13 the entire H2O supplied was 357.39 billion liters out of which 314 billion liters were recorded to be consumed. The staying 43 billion liters was lost out of which 13 billion liters was really used but non recorded for charge. The staying 30 billion litre H2O was physically lost ( Auditor General’s study, 2014 ) . There are many grounds which are responsible for this physical lost H2O. One of them is long processing clip of information. This long processing clip is due to miss of automatic connexion between the different systems within the H2O corporations. The information about different jobs is linked to other systems by making manual work which is a clip devouring procedure and can make more H2O harm during this procedure of linking information. There are many incidents, some of them were out standing one were recorded in the corporation’s Information Management system but the system which deals the order coevals of care and fix is Systems, Applications and Products Plant Maintenance ( SA PPM ) which is non automatically linked with IMS or FMS. Such information is recorded manually in SA PPM due to which a cherished clip to respond about the incident is wasted in plotting the information. The automatic system which is inter-connected is an optimum solution to diminish the long processing clip of information which, in consequence, will do the timely coverage of incident easy. In this manner the job can be resolved. This involves the high investing and besides the potency of hazards in describing the bad incident inaccurately which will severely impact the H2O supply and repute of the Corporation. That is why hazard analysis is a good option to be done before put ining an automatic and inter-connected information system. Every prudent organisation has the wont of making hazard analysis before get downing any undertaking as in this aid in placing the cardinal menaces faced by the undertaking and major chances as good. For this undertaking the corporation will make a hazard analysis which will place the chance of major hazards and their minimisation in order to do the undertaking a success. This analysis is necessary to look out for any sort of good or bad surprise which can come under the manner during the undertaking execution.3. TERM OF REFERENCEFirst of all the organisation must see that why the hazard analysis is necessary. Is at that place any demand to make this? These inquiries are truly of import as some times the chief intent to make the hazard analysis is unknown. Otherwise there is no demand to oppugn about making the hazard analysis before a undertaking as in there ever necessitate to make it. To keep the credibleness and good repute of the organisation it is necessary to transport out an analysis before traveling towards the execution phase of the undertaking. The undertaking squad demands do the following undertakings in order to make a good hazard analysis.A reappraisal of literature and operations on the integrating of inter-connected information system in other sections in Australia and other parts of the universeA reappraisal of similar integrating plan in other countries to happen out the relevant information on the subjectFind o ut the exact information on the H2O escape and countries where it often happens and the degree of promptitude to describe to the Corporation to place the cardinal countries of jobAssess the IT hazard by happening out the menaces, exposures, loss measuring and success of security processs.Develop the security demands and security specification by utilizing the results of hazard analysis.Do system analysis of assets used in installing of computing machine system for the integrating plan. The exposures and chance of any bad events should be measured and the expected loss from such bad eventsThe possible measurings to restrict the loss due to any bad events whose chance is already measuredAssess the measuring processs suggested to provide the hazard of loss whether these measuring are adequate to function the intentDetermine the sensitiveness and the comparative value of computing machine installing in order to happen out the current protection measuring and measurings which can be take n farther. This can be done with the aid of a direction tool like â€Å"what if’ statements, procedure function, scenario analysis etc.4. PROJECT TEAM & A ; TASKSTeam Leader will be undertaking director which will take the undertaking and expression after the care of undertaking. Other squad members will be from operations and mechanics which are as followsOperation ManagerChief Information OfficerIT EngineerOperation SupervisorIT SupervisorOperation TechnicianIT TechnicianThis squad will make the hazard analysis for the intent of looking out for any good or bad surprises in the upcoming undertaking. The undertakings are divided between the squad as following.The features of system are found out by the IT applied scientist, supervisor and technician. The system word picture is done in order to happen out the sensitiveness and comparative value of the system. In this manner the basic characteristics of installing system will be known to the undertaking squad in order to measu re the expected hazards harmonizing to the system word pictureThe IT engineer along with supervisor and technician will seek to happen out the possible menaces to the installing system. The designation of all possible menaces is done in this measure.Chief information officer will be assigned the undertakings of planning and budgetingOperation director and IT engineer will measure the exposure of whole system in order to keep a antagonistic measuring plan for the system installingUndertaking director will make command analysis in order to happen out any spreads in commanding procedure and carry through them.Undertaking director along with two applied scientists will happen out any likeliness of any bad or good event or result. This possibility step is necessary in order to avoid any surprises during the procedure of the undertaking.Every squad member will make encephalon storming in order to happen out the impact of ascertained possibilities in the manner of making undertaking.Every possible hazard is determined in the following measure. This will be done by each member of the undertaking squad in order to happen out each and every type of hazard at each and every degree of the system installing.After finding the hazards undertaking director will place the current control system and urge the farther control measuring in order to avoid the negative impacts of possible hazards5. Hazard ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM INSTALLATION FOR INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMThe integrated information system is a executable undertaking but there are many things which should be identified and taken into consideration. The incorporate system word picture is done by placing the cardinal characteristics of the computing machine system. The system is relational database direction system which is a database which has the possible to provide the existent clip informations. Besides the NoSQL waiter will be used in order to incorporate the system ( Environment, 2004 ) . The following measure in me nace designation is to happen out possible beginnings for any sort of menace. In this instance the menace beginnings for computing machine system might be of two typesNatural MenacesManmade MenacesThe natural beginnings could be inundations, twisters, electric storms, temblor, landslides etc. There are two sorts of menace system faces from human action i.e. knowing actions and unwilled actions. The knowing Acts of the Apostless include authorised entree to the confidential information, harmful package upload, choping etc. while the unwilled Acts of the Apostless include inadvertent incorrect informations entry. All of these menaces will be taken into consideration for the incorporate system. Flaws and failings of system will besides be identified after menace designation ( Gary Stoneburner, 2002 ) . There is much possible exposure which should be taken in to consideration likeThe being of terminated employees ID on the systemThe usage of water faucets or such things at the informati ons centre which could damage the hardwareLess usage of security barriers or spots by the sellerThe different menaces which have different strength are assessed harmonizing to the strength of the menace. After measuring the menaces harmonizing to the strength, the determination to transport on the undertaking become easy. Following table represents the strength of different sorts of menaces.Result MenacesInsignificantMinorModerateMajorCatastrophicFiscal menaces ALoss less than $ 50000$ 500000- $ 100000$ 100000- $ 300000$ 300000- $ 1500000More than $ 1500000Environmental menaces( Floods electric storms etc )BacillusRemediable minor harmSignificant harm but remediable with some fundssSerious amendss with long term impactCritical harm with a really long clip consequencePermanent Damage to systemHuman Threats( Choping, authorised entree, untrained forces etc )CRemediable minor harmSignificant harm but remediable with some fundssSerious amendss with long term impactCritical harm with a really long clip consequencePermanent Damage to systemTable-1: ( Water, 2013 ) These failings should be taken into consideration in order to be after good security measurings. The security analysis of the system which is to be installed will be exhaustively examined at this phase. The likeliness of the happening of such events will be scaled and so an optimum degree of menace being is assessed with the aid of these tabular arraies and graduated tables. In this manner it becomes easy to happen out that at what level the security should be maintained or increased. If the hazards are utmost or high so the undertaking should be terminated. If it is in moderate place and it is remediable so the determination should be taken by the board by weighing the benefits of undertaking against its possible menaces. Now the likeliness of these events will be measuredAbout CertainEvent is expected to happen about one time in a twelvemonthLikelyEvent is expected to happen about in 2-5 old agesPossibleEvent is expected to happen in about 5-10 old agesUnlikelyEvent is expected to happen in about 10-30yearsRareEvent is expected to happen about one time in 30 old agesTable-2: ( Water, 2013 ) Now the likeliness of natural events can non be predicted with certainty but in Australia the twisters or storms are seasonal events. Floods and electric storms which can be more utmost menace to the system are rare, that is why the likeliness of this menace is moderate. While the human mistakes and their incompetency can be a possible menace which is taken under notice. The matrix for the likeliness of menaces and their strength is measured by following graduated table. If the menace analysis indicates the undertaking under the blue, green belt and tap belt so it is executable to make it otherwise board should revise the determination and take disciplinary measurings.Result ProbabilityInsignificantMinorModerateMajorCatastrophicAbout CertainModerateHighVery HighVery HighVery HighLikelyModerateHighHighVery HighVery HighPossibleLowModerateHighVery HighVery HighUnlikelyLowLowModerateHighVery HighRareLowLowModerateHighHighTable-3: ( Environment, 2004 )6. CONCLUSION/SUGGESTIONSThis undertaking does non possess sever menaces from nature or homo. The possible menaces are remediable and can be taken under control. The demand to hold an integrated information system to describe the damaged, leaked or broken H2O pipes spontaneously is really high. The possible menaces against this demand are non every bit much as its advantages are. Although the fiscal cost is high but it will give the corporation maximal benefit by bettering the efficiency of the operations and hence it will better the consumer trust on the company. To minimise the possible menaces of inundations the system should be installed in 2nd or 3rd floor of the edifice. The possibility of security breach should be minimized by giving specific entree to relevant a nd good trained employees. Retina detectors or finger print detectors could be a better pick to entree the system room physically. While the practical entree to the system should be guarded by three beds of security cheque. The IDs of terminated or transferred forces should be terminated quickly so that the possible menace of security breach can be handled.List OF REFERENCESAuditor General ‘s Report, W. A. , 2014.Water Corporation: Management of Water Pipes,Perth: Office of the Auditor General Western Australia.Corporation, W. , 2013.Annual Report,Perth: s.n.Environment, D. o. , 2004.Water Quality Protection Note – The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines: An overview,Perth: Department of Environment.Gary Stoneburner, A. G. a. A. F. , 2002.Risk Management Guide for Information Technology System,GaithersBurg: National Institute of Standard and engineering.Water, P. , 2013.Hazard Management: Power and Water Corporate Procedure,s.l. : Power Water.

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