Bad Nutrition

Food is one of the basic needs of man. From the creation of the world through the medieval ages until this period of globalization, this inevitable need has not left the tables. Besides other needs like shelter and clothing, food is one of the elements of survival. Nutrients available for human actions are obtained from food. As a living thing, man performs such functions as movement, respiration, irritability and response to the environment, growth and development, as well as excretion. Energy is needed for these functions. It is obtained from food.Without food, man starves and eventually dies of starvation. Worst still is a deadly death when he is exposed to bad nutrition. The question is: what is nutrition? What constitutes good nutrition? What is the concept of bad nutrition? What difference is there between good and bad nutrition. What are the effects of bad nutrition on the individual and locality where it is prevalent? What factors promote bad nutrition? What steps can be take n to reduce the incidence of bad nutrition? Definition of concepts Nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients from the food we eat.It is one of the basic functions of man. Nutrient is obtainable from carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, roughages and fats and oil. Each of this class of food is indispensable and anything that constitutes an imbalance in its proportion will cause bad nutrition. Good nutrition is when one consumes these classes of food in the right quantity; this implies that it is not too much and not too small. It also included balanced diet; this is ensuring that all classes of food are eaten in a meal session.Each class of food has specific role in the individual: carbohydrates are good sources of energy obtainable from rice, sorghum, yam, wheat, grains. Proteins can be of animal or plant source; they are found in meat, fish, egg, and are the precursors of amino acids, the building blocks of life. Proteins provide the framework for growth and de velopment. Fats and oil are also effective energy sources; while vitamins are useful for metabolism, minerals and water help to maintain homeostasis of electrolytes and fluids within the internal milieu of an individual. Taking each class in every meal in the appropriate proportion is good nutrition.On the other hand, bad nutrition is eating too much or too little. Epidemiology This problem is a cosmopolitan problem with a global distribution. Because of the affluence and wealth of developed countries, the challenge is that of consuming too much food. Most people patronize eateries and fast food centers to eat burgers and similar food stuff which do not contain all the classes of food in the right proportion. This leads to an increasing trend in the incidence of eating disorders such as anorexia and obesity with their concomitant psychological and physical ailments.This underscores the fact that bad nutrition is not restricted to any region of the world as it affects all. In view of this, bad nutrition is even a worse problem in less developed and developing nations where food is not readily available. Bad leadership constitutes the top factor here; it promotes corruption and misappropriation of public funds. Money allocated to provision of food is diverted to public pockets and who suffers for this? The citizens of course. They are left with no other option that to manage and service on the little meal they can provide for their family from subsistence farming.Wars and political instability in these nations also constitutes plaques that consume the land, productive forces and will that could have been useful in agriculture. Poverty and illiteracy form inseparable twins that perpetuate their bad nutrition. Besides, bad Nutrition plagues a large number of people in America. It is profound to note that quite a number of people in this country do not know what constitutes good nutrition; they only eat! The combinations of food they consume do not enrich the body with essential nutrients in a way.The age of fast foods, snacks and McDonald burgers have made life apparently ‘easy’ but this ease gradually paves the way for the accompanying effects of bad nutrition. Besides the fact many are not aware of good nutrition, those who know do not actually vigorously encourage its practice. The health education in this aspect of our lives is not sufficient. As a result, the problem persists. Unhealthy Nutrition Unhealthy foods are usually very easy to distinguish from healthy meals. The quantity is either insufficient or excessive. Bad food can be described as anything that produces an excess of nutrients or a shortage.The quality of meal also matters. When we eat the same type of food for a long period, it Is very likely that bad nutrition is in practice because some peculiar nutrients may be absent from what we eat. Food with large amount of fats and oil are not healthy; they are toxic to the blood vessels and promote obesity. Foods wit h copious amounts of carbohydrates, fast food, and sweets need to be avoid or eaten in small amounts. People respond to nutrition and the pressures of society in different ways. Food cannot be divorced from prevailing environmental conditions and social circumstances.While some people are able to adapt properly, others do not. Sometimes, social pressures force people to change their dietary habits especially when they see eating as an escape route from their life’s challenges. Such people end up becoming obese and with poor self-image. Apart from obesity, there are other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, psychogenic vomiting and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Eating disorders Anorexia is a mental disorder causing the person to uncontrollably lose weight by refusing food. It is common among school girls and female university students.Its prevalence is more in the upper social class than the lower class, and more a problem in the developed nations. F actors that usually promote this include personality traits that drive the individual to look pleasant and fashionable; social belief that thinness is attractive among young ladies. Psychological basis for this disorder is more important: a struggle for control and a sense of identity lead affected individuals to relentlessly pursue thinness by eating too little. As a result, they are thin and weigh less than the standard for age and gender.There could also be other symptoms like depressed mood, social withdrawal and lack of sexual interest. To maintain this shape, they induce vomiting and engage in excessive exercise. On the other hand, Bulimia refers to episodes of uncontrolled excessive eating. The central features here include an irresistible urge to overeat and accompanying extreme measures to control body weight. There is also an overvalued idea concerning self-image and body shape. It is often confused with anorexia because both can occur at the same time. Episodes are usuall y preceded by stress and breaking of self-imposed dietary rules.Overeating relives tension but is soon followed by guilt and disgust. Subsequently the individual induced vomiting. In many cases, there are symptoms of depression but menstrual abnormalities are absent. Obesity constitutes an important disorder: it is a medical condition characterized by excess body fat. When the body mass index is greater than 30kg/square meters, the diagnosis of obesity can be made. At least, 20% of adults in the States will meet this criterion, as the case is in UK. It tends to be aggravated by environmental and social influence that encourage overeating of high calorie foods and lack of exercise.The psychological aspect is not significant, as the case is in anorexia and bulimia. Hazards of bad nutrition Certainly numerous problems can occur because of improper dietary habits. Some of these can be psychological as it is in cases of anorexia and bulimia. This will necessitate mental state and psychia try assessment. These conditions usually also present with disturbances of mood especially depression. They usually require behavior and cognitive therapies because of the devastating effects of the eating disorder may have on the individual.Obesity is closely related to diabetes mellitus as both conditions promote insulin resistance and a state of increased glucose level in the blood. The pancreas is therefore overworked and later ceases to produce insulin. Diabetes is a chronic debilitating disease that affects every organ of the body; it usually presents with neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy as a result of micro vascular disturbance caused by the abnormally elevated plasma glucose level. Patients are predisposed to infections, ulcers and immunosuppression.Bad nutrition also adversely affects the heart and blood vessels. Excessive consumption of foods with fats and oil can cause an elevated level of cholesterol. This leads to formation of atheromatous plaques that thicken a nd block blood vessels. Heart disease occurs when arteries near the heart are blocked by cholesterol. There is also increased level of bad cholesterol in form of low density lipoproteins LDL but an expected reduction in the level of good cholesterol in the form of high density lipoproteins HDL. This is closely related to the onset of high blood pressure-hypertensive diseases.Aggressive health education on what constitutes is a primary prevention strategy. Legislation to stop/reduce sale of ‘bad’ food can also help. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders and the sequelae of bad nutrition is equally important. Reference ? Frances Sizer and Eleanor Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Thomson and Wadswoth Publishing House. Ninth Edition. ? Good Nutrition. www. revolutionhealth. com/healthy-living/food-nutrition/food-basics/facts ? Breaking Bad Nutrition Habits. www. eating-healthy. org/breaking-your-bad-nutrition-habits

Pros and Cons Fire Hydraulics today.

In the fire service today many new up and coming firefighters are taught that when operating the pump on the truck â€Å"It set Is you Just move these levers and It will flow. I believe there is pros and cons to this tactic that has been adapted. While making It easier on new recruits to learn how to operate the equipment, It also denies them of the deep knowledge of the equipment and the ability to react to situations outside the norm. Some of the pros to the set It and forget It style of teaching new firefighters Is of ours the ease of learning.If you don't have to learn calculations and be able to do them on the fly you can be trained In a shorter time period, becoming an effective member on the fire scene In less time and for less cost to the city who you are employed. This tactic also allows for more people to be trained on the equipment in a shorter time. On the other hand though some cons to this style of teaching is that new members lack the ability to adjust to unforeseen c ircumstances. They are never taught the necessary skills to run into a sticky situation and be able to make needed adjustments to get themselves and others out safely.When safety should be top priority firefighters and equipment operators need to be trained as much as possible. The last thing you want is to have something happen where you lose incoming pressure or a pump and not be able to react and adjust to keep your guys on the inside with vital water to flow. In my opinion on the matter I absolutely believe that people should be trained to a point where they understand the equipment not Just where to slide the handle or which knob to turn and how far. The ability to calculate the water pressures and aka necessary adjustments is a vital task that is part of being a pump operator.I believe that more people should be trained to that level and should also pass there training and knowledge on to new people Joining the fire service. Those are just some of the pros and cons to addition al training of fire service members when it comes to operating the bumper. There are numerous other pros for making operation of this equipment simpler as well as plenty of cons that go with It as well. Pros and Cons Fire Hydraulics today. By John-Likewise when operating the pump on the truck â€Å"it set is you Just move these levers and it will low'.I believe there is pros and cons to this tactic that has been adapted. While making it easier on new recruits to learn how to operate the equipment, it also Some of the pros to the set it and forget it style of teaching new firefighters is of them on the fly you can be trained in a shorter time period, becoming an effective member on the fire scene in less time and for less cost to the city who you are training and knowledge on to new people Joining the fire service. Those are Just some equipment simpler as well as plenty of cons that go with it as well.

Reshaping High Schools Essay

A bird is taught how to fly only when it is old enough and ready. If it is too young, the bird may be suspended in freefall until it lands and get hurt, or worse. If it is too old, it may be too late for the bird and it would be left behind by his peers. We could adopt this analogy to the reshaping of high schools. And as for the case of high school students, the 9th grade is when we should start to reshape high schools. It is said in the article that it is generally agreed that the first year of high school is a crucial stage for the students because of the adjustment they have to make and the achievements that are expected of them. As educators, we should be able to emphasize with the students that we should put ourselves in their shoes. They just new to a world of learning, teacher are with them to assist them in this new world, not to intimidate them. It is just logical that a high school institution should give more priority to the freshmen rather than the graduating seniors. Schools prioritize gradating students because these students would represent the school once they move to higher education. But if we start prioritizing the 9th graders, the graduates of high schools would have received four years of good education. And of course, to achieve this requires much change in the high school education system. And as we know of change, it oftentimes raises some eyebrows. It is very important for us educators to keep in mind and at heart that it is never about us, education should be always about them. And for that very reason, I agree with Donegan’s article. We should prioritize and provide more for the 9th graders. If we would practice our vocation more altruistically regarding this matter, if we would start caring for the 9th grade more, our students would say that they are getting the best high school education there is.

International Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Banking - Essay Example The 2008 crisis is considerably the first crisis in the era of globalization, as caused by a number of factors which include funding liquidity, and market liquidity (Kolb, 2009, p. 10). Funding liquidity is the availability of sufficient cash in the capital deposit of a financial institution. This means that funding liquidity risks occur whenever banks cannot fund their own businesses. Market liquidity, on the other hand, takes into considerations issues to do with trade institutions which are easily able to do business within the available markets; therefore, market liquidity risk factors are the difficult situations when any market is not sufficient enough for easy trade activities (Pedersen, 2008, p. 13). The roles of Funding Liquidity and Market Liquidity in the 2008 Crisis According to Strahan Philip (2012), funding liquidity risks and market liquidity risks contributed much to the occurrence of the 2008 financial and economic downturn. Towards the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2008, the consequences of banks giving liquidity to loaners and creditors in the world’s leading economies was felt throughout the globe. The banks in the USA began lending loan liquidity to people; this led to weakening of their capital bases. It additionally exposed banks to funding liquidity risks, which eventually lead to bank runs. ... This saw the JP Morgan Chase bank running out of cash in its deposit pots. The issue of securitization is another cause of the financial crisis. American banks came into one pool in order to create a sense of security while giving out irresponsible loans. This proved dangerous since the banks gave out risky loans to many individuals who could not afford to service these loans at high interest rates as was expected of them (Pinyo, 2008, pp. 1-6). Due to runs, the banking institutions got involved into the trend of cash borrowing in order to create more securitization. As a consequence, property prices started fluctuating, thereby causing panic even in the Sub-prime mortgage market (Rhodes & Stelter, 2010, p. 32). Banks that did not have enough cash in their accounts began repossessing their high value properties such as buildings. Bigger banks, on the other hand, started to buy securities from the minor banking institutions with the intentions of saving the economic situation as had p revailed. However, this instead resulted into greater damages within the real world economy (Weisberg, 2010, p. 46). At far, all these economic turnovers resulted into funding liquidity risks and market liquidity risks within the banks themselves, hence scaring away a number of investors who then reacted by withdrawing their deposits; and thus, commodities prices fell to the extreme levels. The chart below indicates Liquidity Spiral as caused by the market and funding liquidity risks. Sources: (Pedersen, & Garlean, 2007; Pedersen, & Brunnermeier, 2008) How to measure bank funding liquidity risk and market liquidity risk There are several ways of measuring funding

Ask week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ask week 4 - Essay Example How would they win back their customers? It is obvious that, after indentifying the question to address, the management could have been able to work out on issues to address the question, rather than defining what the answer entailed (Hackman and Wageman 1995). For example, addressing the question of what could have been done to meet customer needs would have instigated on answers that would address the concern. Besides communication and knowledge management as a key factor in building awareness, â€Å"The Company presented a faà §ade of smugness with their name and overconfidence in their products† (Janis 1973). Critically discuss this statement. An organization should not limit its borders in assessing information to build knowledge management. In fact outsourcing would be ideal for any organization that wants to build up its knowledge management. Any organization must create a model of learning by establishing relationships with the industry monitors to avoid making similar mistakes that have been done by Ford. What issues should be put into consideration? Evaluation of past and current business environment can be argued to help an organization build up a model of learning (Floyd and Woolridge 1999). This is arguably true because if this is something to go by, the organization is able to evaluate the situation of their competitors and measure its current abilities according to the current climate of the industry. The lack of knowledge development at both personal and organizational level was evident at that particular time, but the idea of rubbing off the discussion was more critical to handle (Janis 1973). Why were similar companies going through the same issue? According to Bazerman and Moore (2008), effective decision making could be hampered by two situations that are squarely associated with decision makers. What are these

Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Transportation - Essay Example Both public and private types of road transport are available for students and the public in Abu Dhabi. The government has also improved usability of both means through reduced traffic and low cost of rail transport (The Oxford Business Group 185). One can use a private car, taxi, a bus, or other types of transport. In addition to received value from a type of transport, which can be convenience, efficiency, or effectiveness, cost is a factor to selection and opinion over types of transport. The study aims at understanding usage of different types of transport systems by students of Abu Dhabi University. Focus will be made on type of transport that students use and amount that students spend on transport. Other variables of interest are age, number of vehicles owned, and kind of car owned by students. Questionnaires have been distributed to 40 students and stratified random sampling was used to ensure age and social status

My reflective insights- me as a leader in Early childhood report Assignment

My reflective insights- me as a leader in Early childhood report - Assignment Example To work collaboratively with director and gain insight into the leadership role of a director. 2. To have a further in-depth insight into administrative and management roles/duties and responsibilities. 3. To improve my communication skills and show respect to all staff, children and families. A critical overview of my PE goals would reveal that they were structure to span around three major aspects of my roles and leadership experience. The first of these is an individual goal that aims for my personal development and growth as a leader. The second is an organizational goal that aims for the growth and development of the institution where I was working. The third goal is a social goal that aims for the betterment and wellbeing of the larger society through all staff, children and their families. Reading through my personal experience goals, it would be noted that they are related directly to me service learning. This is because through the practicum, there has been a number of enhan ced learning experiences that have relate to the objectives. The first of these is the service learning on how to work in collaboration with a superior. There is also service learning on the daily administration and management of an early childhood institution. The final one is learning experience of how to relate with parents and other staff members at the centre. With a careful overview of my work plan as presented in Appendix 1, it would be noted that as posited by Smales (2002), I am more of an outsider rather than an insider. This is because most of my work plan was focused on establishing common grounds goals with the other staff so that our collective interest would be achieved rather than my personal interest. The first two activities listed in the work plan for each day from Monday to Friday gives a clear indication of such need to collaborate with other people. As Rodd (2013, p. 63) emphasised, a state of belonging as I tried to achieve as an outsider helps in personal cap acity development, which was of course an important aspect of my professional and related goals. In a related manner, a number of ‘so whats’ can be identified as the meanings and relevance of my goals in terms of what I want to be as a future leader. First, my collaborative goals would mean that in future leadership, I shall be more comfortable as a democratic leader (Culkin, 1997). Next, my urge to have further in-depth insight into administrative and management roles means that into the future as a leader, I shall be aspiring for the highest possible positions that can get me to the very top (Healy et al, 2001). Finally, my goal to improve communication skills and respect for others means that I shall be a people-centred leader in the future. Insights on Leadership The creation of a leader’s profile has come to me with so much importance and relevance. This is because it has helped me in identifying some key professional insights as a leader and why these insig hts are worthwhile for me. In the first place, it was through the leader’s profile that I have discovered the type of leadership style that I shall be more comfortable as a future leader. As noted by McCrea and Ehrich (1999), leadership styles come in several forms and perceptions but applying the wrong leadership style in a given situation would be just as bad as not having

Corporate and Global Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Corporate and Global Strategy - Essay Example The fast development of previously less developed countries in East Asia and Latin America also means higher disposable income which the customers can spend on durable goods like automobile. Recognising the wider market and huge profit potential from these transformations, players in the global automobile manufacturing industry opted to pursue globalisation strategies. They have expanded beyond their local markets to serve and cater to the needs of customers abroad. Thus, the current global automobile manufacturing industry is currently comprised of large players going beyond their traditional markets to foreign markets with the prospects of larger market, higher revenue, and higher profit. With the players' decision to pursue internationalisation, they face important decisions about their product offerings and strategies. It should be noted that as industry players seek foreign markets, they are actually exposing themselves to an entirely different set of customers who can have different preferences and expectations about their products. ... er the global manufacturing industry is approaching globalisation or localisation, this paper will use 4Cs model which assesses the operations and external macroenvironment of car producers. In the discussion below, it can be seen that the global automobile manufacturing industry is currently midway between globalisation and localisation. However, it can be noted that the sector is approaching localisation as multinational organisations continue to respond to the specific preferences, culture, laws, and rules in its specific market. The 4Cs framework is a strategic management tool which "can be used to assess actual and emerging trends and can assist in determining the extent to which an industry is moving towards globalisation or localisation" (Ellis and Williams 1995, p.107). This looks at three factors in the external environment of the sector namely customers, cost, country, and competition. The customers' factors in this model are subdivided according to customers' requirements, distribution, and uniformity of marketing. Cost drivers are in terms of new product development, scale economies, and transportation costs. Country drivers include trade barriers, technical standards, and cultural and institutional barriers. Lastly competitive forces refer to competitive interdependence and entry of new competitors. Customers The current global manufacturing industry is described as hypercompetitive which can is characterised by the more intense competition among players and high bargaining power of the customers (Kotler 2005). With automobile manufacturers becoming aware of the importance of tailoring their products to customers' preferences, market niching and customisation has become a popular trend. According to Donald Peterson, former chairman of Ford Motor

Exploring General Types of Research Design and Approaches Essay

Exploring General Types of Research Design and Approaches - Essay Example Hence, the concern for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is rising. Businesses are concentrating towards the progress of a sense of CSR as well as focusing on their basic values to promote their products and sustain their consumers (Enquist, Johnson and Skalen, 2005). Despite the extensive development of the CSR concept, there is an ongoing debate since long that the basic goal of a business is to maximize the profit for its stakeholders while the promotion of CSR increases stockholder’s investment (Friedman, 1962). Nevertheless, numerous past studies have established that CSR really augments the businesses’ financial performance in the long run. The topic has a lot of scope of research and development since the association between the CSR and the firm’s financial performance has been very controversial and had been argued by many scholars, for instance Pava and Krausz (1996) related CSR to company’s performance while Ullmann (1985) does not relate the se two together. Since any of the company’s actions some how or the other influences its performance thus it can be said that the performance of a company does depend over its CSR actions. Primary Research Question The primary research question formulated for the above mentioned research problem is: How does the financial performance of a business relates to it CSR activities? Secondary Research Question In order to investigate the above mentioned primary research question, I have formulated the following secondary research questions that will be helpful for a quantitative investigation of the study. How CSR activities of a business influence the perceptions of its customers for its brand? How the identified customer perceptions influence the business’s performance? Methodology I intend to use a quantitative research method, which basically focuses on the facts and practicalities of the subject under consideration. The basic objective of selecting this design approach is the nature of this study that leads towards the evaluation or quantification of the company’s performance on the basis of its customers’ perceptions about the brand that is, in turn, influenced by its CSR activities. It is necessary to acquire the on-ground knowledge of businesses’ performances and their strategies so as to determine the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility over the financial performance of a business. Keeping in view the objective of the study, I thought it to be the best to acquire the data related to the CSR and the turn-over of various businesses and then assess the collected information to reach to the conclusion of the study. The post-positivistic principle is the philosophical research approach that underpins this investigation. The post-positivistic research philosophy will help us to find out the Do s and Don’ts of a business. This approach is dependent over different philosophies such like social contract theory, virtue ethics, post modernism and Habermasian critical theory. I intend to adopt the post positivistic philosophical design in this study since it will provide the contextual dimension of reality to the investigation that will lead us to challenge and re-invent scientific theories through empirical research. I will

History Discussion ch22 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Discussion ch22 - Assignment Example The U.S. said that the reason for their action towards Cuba is primarily for humanitarian purposes and to help the country improve and develop their welfare from their liberation from Spain. However, it is also inevitable to consider that the U.S. sees a big economic potential from the country and they want to use it for their own benefit. Through this, they will not only gain economic power but also supports their notion of expansionism. 2. The factors that shaped the American foreign policy in the late 19th century were based on the different rationales for imperialism. It includes the racism and social Darwinism, righteousness, Mahanism and economics. For racism and social Darwinism, they believed that the Anglo-Saxon race is superior to any other race and their influence must be imposed to other countries for these countries to develop and ascertain national stability. For righteousness, they see to it that their religion, with American influence, should be propagated to other co untries as well. Mahanism refers to the belief that the national security of the U.S. needed a substantial military, economic and territorial expansion. And lastly for economics, the policies to be made should provide outright access for the U.S. to foreign markets, raw material and investment opportunities.

Job Learning Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Learning Objectives - Essay Example This can be found at http://www.bestbuy.com. My responsibilities were mainly in customer service. I worked with the sales team to help people select items that best suited their needs. Most of my time was spent working at the cash register, assisting with checkout. In this shop there was a manager or assistant manager on duty at all times. They rarely overlapped, so there was only one supervisor in the shop at a time. I reported directly to the manager or assistant manager. On our busiest days, there were five employees. The shop I worked in was small, so the largest crew was usually a manager (or assistant), two people working sales, one working on restocking or cleanliness projects and someone at a cash register. We were located along a commercial strip in Taipei. I was always on the floor either at the cash register or working with a customer. The average career path for people in the company consisted of either moving up into management or leaving to find more challenging and bet ter paying employment. Turnover was very high, mainly because most of the employees were young and always moving from job to job. My orientation was very thorough. I was taught how to handle the hardware, such as the cash register, packaging machines and even a hydraulic assist use for lifting heavy equipment. I was also given a day of customer service training.

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Example for Free

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Introduction: Sport tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, which has a remarkable impact on many aspects to the hosting region of the event. The Olympic games and the world cup have a long history since the Roman Empire, however; those mega events have established new developments in which they have improved the tourism industry depending on their geography. This paper will analyze the World Cup event that will be held in Brazil this year and will illustrate it’s Strength, weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats in order to conclude a beneficial recommendations that can make the country having a successful event. Overview: Brazil is the largest country in South America; the population is approximately 200,000,000 people with a tropical climate. The country is culturally rich and well known of their passion to Football as thy won the World Cup 5 times in their history. Strengths: Brazil’s economy is booming and the money that is been generated is being invested in infrastructure and projects for the future. Airports are being improved, roads are being built and public transportation expanded. New hotels are being constructed and more and more people are being employed and trained to handle the influx of tourists in the coming years. Moreover, beside the wealth in culture Brazil can offer to its tourist a magnificent natural beauty starting from the Amazon jungle, Amazon River, and many other tropical rainforests, which exposes a variety of animal species. Moreover, it also offers white sand beaches and bays that line the cost. As a result, tourists who will visit the region to watch the  World Cup will have the opportunity to explore the other aspects of the country that will enhance their experience and promote the destination even after the sport events. Weaknesses: According to FIFA president Sepp Blatter, the country was provided with 7 years preparation for the World Cup, which considered the longest period provided to a country to prepare for the event. Yet, it also considered the poorest preparation according to Sepp. (Rumsby, B. 2014). He views the preparation as less efficient than the South Africa preparation in 2010 that made their revenues from scratch. The infrastructure and the public transport system in the country are not in a high standard in most areas. Another major concern to the government of Brazil and the tourist around the world, who want to attend the events, is the high crime rate in the category of robbery, rape, fraud, and residential thefts. â€Å"There is significant and sustained organized criminal activity throughout Brazil, especially in major cities†(Brazil Crime and Safety Report, 2013). Poverty also is a major derive for crime and the increase of drug addicts in Brazil. The weaknesses could be summarized into the slow preparation (building stadiums), infrastructure, crime rate, and poverty. Opportunities: Besides the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil will also host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. These sport events will bring countless tourism opportunities to Brazil. According to Whether it be a construction project for the Olympic facilities, or a business that benefits indirectly, such as a hotel or a property located nearby, these major sport events will offer opportunities for almost every type of entrepreneur and investor to make a healthy return (Brazil. Land of the Future, Para 2). Brazil will spend money to developing infrastructure, health centers, transportation facilities and other aspects of hospitality. An increasing number of tourists will be attracted by the World Cup and come to Brazil to travel. Therefore, the World Cup in Brazil is creating a huge number of jobs in the tourism industry, because it requires a large number of volunteers and workers to help the World cup succeed. More tourists also can develop  the economic of Brazil and increase the income for workers. The World Cup can attract much investment to Brazil that can help the business opportunities. â€Å"It is estimated that the world cup in 2014 will generate more than R$ 140bi to the Brazilian economy, between direct and indirect investments. (Global Intelligence Alliance, Para 4). That means these investments from foreign investors can help the economic growth of Brazil. Threats: In Brazil people demonstrated their anger by having a mass protest in different cities complaining about the high cost of living, low quality of education, and the high-cost of transportation (CNN, 2013, para.8). Riots in Brazil raises fear of transporting the event to the United Stated for security manner. There are many Brazilian supporters to the event to be established in their country. On the other hand, some opposition arises and took the world media coverage as an advantage to raise their concerns about the million of dollars being spent on the cup instead of investing it on health, education, transportation, and housing. According to BBC news there was 2,500 people in Sao Paulo who went to the streets and complained about the cost of staging the World Cup in Brazil (BBC NEWS, 2014). Recommendation: In conclusion, tourism industry during sports events is mainly shaped by economic, infrastructure, mega-structure, and political components. They could have either positive and/or negative outcomes contingent on the location. Tourism illiteracy should be eradicated by raising awareness of the benefits of the revenue of tourism. It may take time and effort to educate the people about the tourism impact on their daily life, but the success of delivering the message is worthy due to its future benefits. Brazil is not the first country who had riots before a sport event, it happened before in London before the Olympics games, and the managed to have a successful event(Duarte, F. 2013). We highly recommend the authority and people in Brazil to move forward with their event hosting plan and not stop in the halfway of making an event that will print a positive impact about Brazil to the rest of the world. References Montague, J. (Jul19, 2013). CNN. World Cup only benefits outsiders, say Brazil protesters, Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/world/americas/brazil-protests-montague/index.html Rumsby, B. (Jan 06, 2014). World Cup 2014: No country has ever been so far behind in preparations as Brazil, says Sepp Blatter. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10553002/World-Cup-2014-No-country-has-ever-been-so-far-behind-in-preparations-as-Brazil-says-Sepp-Blatter.html Ford, P. D. (2014). OSAC. Brazil 2013 Crime and Safety Report: Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from: https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13966 Whibley, J. (August 13, 2013). Brazil Expects World Cup to Bring R$25b. Retrieved from: http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-business/brazil-expects-world-cup-to-bring-r25-billion/# Duarte, F. (Jul 04, 2013). Futebol Brasil. Deal with it: Brazil will host the World Cup. Retrieved from: http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/futebolbrasil/id/317?c c=5901 Brazil. Land of the Future, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.brazil-future.com/home/2014-brazil-fifa-world-cup-and-the-2016-rio- olympic-games/ Global Intelligence Alliance. 2014 World Cup Opportunities Beckon Foreign Investors to Brazil, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.globalintelligence.com/ insights/all/2014-world-cup-opportunities-beck on-foreign-investors-to-brazil

Health and Safety Regulation in Hospitality Industry

Health and Safety Regulation in Hospitality Industry POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Question 1: In the context of the CDM Regulations and the refurbishment of a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel, critically outline the purpose and content of the Health and Safety Plan and Health and Safety File. Discuss the relationship between the two components and how the Health and Safety File will be of benefit to contractors in the future. Critically assess the merits of the Building Regulations application process and construction technique utilised for Mcdonalds modular drive through restaurants. The following will evaluate the best way of refurbishing a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel so that the renovated building complies with all relevant health and safety legislation and regulations. The requirement to meet all the relevant health and safety legislation and standards means that the designers and the builders of renovations are as legally responsible as the hotel owners for all breeches of those requirements. Failure to meet regulatory standards could leave the constructors liable for civil prosecution or prone to litigation by the hotel owners, the hotel staff besides the hotel guests. Prosecution or litigation that could take years after the original renovation was actually completed (Youell, 2003 p. 99). The best way to develop a renovation plan that will receive planning permission from the appropriate local authority is to know exactly which health and safety regulations the proposed renovation needs to fully comply with. If the hotel is exempt from any of the health and safety regulations or the hotel owners believe that it is exempt from those standards it is always best to double check. Besides ignorance of the law is not an excuse for breaking it, and it will not protect contractors from legal action been taken against them. Of more immediate concern for contractors tasked with renovations a failure to abide to all building or health and safety regulations could result in the refusal of planning permission. After all it will only cause delays if the renovation plans are refused planning permission or if such breeches of the health and safety standards are missed at that stage and leave the design firm as well as the hotel owners liable to prosecution or litigation. Renovation w ork that does not reach the required health and safety standards might not be good enough to last over the long-term without the need to be repaired or eventually replaced due to its low quality (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Therefore to ensure that the renovation proposals receive planning permission and are legally sound a Health and Safety Plan as well as a Health and Safety File are necessarily developed and maintained to safeguard the building contractors and the hotel owners from both accidents and legal proceedings. The purpose of the health and safety plan is to ensure that the hotel will be fully compliant with the health and safety regulations that it is required to meet so as to function legally as a hotel. To make a fully functioning health and safety plan not only needs a strong knowledge of relevant regulations; it also requires the blueprints or plans for the hotel itself. An understanding of the hotel’s layout is essential with regard to making the health and safety plan practical and well designed. The objective of the health and safety plan is to make sure all the safety measures within the hotel are clearly accessible thus allowing both hotel staff and all hotel guests to remain safe in any emergency situation. The content of the health and safety plan would include the design layout and the exact location of fire fighting equipment, first exits, fire alarms, and any available first aid facilities. The plan should also include where hotel employees and guests meet, should the hotel have to be evacuated, especially in the event of a fire taking hold of the premises. Consideration should also be given to the fitting of smoke alarms, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Besides considering fire safety procedures, and first aid measures the health and safety plan should include measures to maintain hygiene standards in the kitchens, toilets, dining areas, and the guest bedrooms. Good hygiene standards are needed to ensure that the hotel remains clean, tidy, and free of dirt, allowing the hotel staff and all guests to avoid food poisoning or infection. The plan needs take into account the location of the kitchens, rubbish bins, and toilets in relation to the bedrooms used by guests. Poor hygiene standards and food poisoning could prove to be very bad for the future of the hotel, as it may bring it to the attention of environmental health officers that have the power to close it down until the hotel meets the minimum required regulatory standards (Bloomsbury, 2005 p.124). Another factor for maintaining the good hygiene of the hotel is the straightforward one of guests not wishing to return to dirty and unclean accommodation (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). The purpose of the Health And Safety File is to record how the hotel complies with all relevant regulations before, during, and after the proposed renovations. The file is meant to ensure that the hotel sticks to the measures it set out in the Health and Safety Plan. The file should record the health and safety performance of the hotel with regard to the maintenance of equipment, facilities, as well as all the procedures that enhance safety standards or good hygiene. The Health and Safety File should also keep a note of all the training that the staff at the hotel is given in respect of maintaining and implementing safety measures and all hygiene standards. The hotel staff should ideally be given training to use fire fighting equipment when it is safe to do so, to provide first aid when needed, and carry out practice fire safety drills. When necessary staff will need to be given extra training should they not perform their duties to a high enough level to comply with the standards se t out in regulations. The Health and Safety File should also ensure that all hotel guests have access to information about the location of fire safety equipment, first aid facilities, and the assembly point in case of the hotel being evacuated (Youell, 2003 p. 99). There should be a strong relationship between the Health and Safety Plan and the Health and Safety File. The two items should compliment each other, as together they provide the means to plan and implement safety and hygiene standards at the hotel. The Health and Safety Plan sets out how the safety and hygiene standards will be achieved, whilst the Health and Safety File is intended to record what is actually happening at the hotel in terms of complying with regulations. The Health and Safety File by itself could be very useful to any contractors that need to carry out any building or renovation work at the hotel, as a means of checking the record of the hotel in meeting regulatory requirements. Contractors would be able to consult the Health and Safety File if they have any queries regarding the equipment, facilities, as well as the safety and hygiene procedures used by the staff at the hotel. If the Health and Safety File has been kept up to date consulting it will allow the contra ctors to know whether or not the hotel has been adhering to the regulations it is legally supposed to do at all times. Knowing if the hotel is not complying with regulation would give the contractor the opportunity to suggest building alterations or changes in safety and hygiene procedures that if implemented mean the hotel does comply with all relevant regulations (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). There are ways of ensuring that a company only has to pay minimal attention to completing Health and Safety Plans and Files without breaking the regulations or ignoring the spirit of the law. The fast food company MacDonalds has probably devised the best way of minimising the planning permission required whilst adhering to the statutory safety and hygiene standards set out in regulations and legislation. As a company MacDonalds has made its fortune and its reputation by the mass standardisation of its restaurants, equipment, staff training, marketing image, and finally but by no means least its food products. People know what they are going to get when they go into a MacDonalds anywhere in the world, and more of them like it than dislike it (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds believe that the standardisation process is definitely a successful strategy when it comes down to gaining rapid planning permission and complying with safety and hygiene standards. Planning authorities will be made aw are by the company that their restaurants are pr-designed to pass safety and hygiene standards, whilst all new staff will be fully trained to make sure that standards are always adhered to (Mason, 2005 p.44). The senior management are well aware of the benefits of standardisation, if one design passes safety and hygiene standards it is adopting that design for all its restaurants as that makes financial, marketing, and practical sense to do so (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have developed modular drive through restaurants as a method of constructing new outlets quickly at the same time as passing the Building Regulations application process. As a company MacDonalds has always set out to have all its ordinary and drive through restaurants designed to look exactly the same as each other as well as also having the same features and equipment. For MacDonalds having restaurants that look the same everywhere they are constructed has been a highly successful branding strategy and exercise that has allowed the firm to expand impressively across the globe. To be more precise it is a global franchise which, has expanded due to its high profits and relatively low capital costs (Mason, 2005 p. 44). However the merits of using modular designs go beyond marketing ploys and serve pragmatic purposes. When MacDonalds set out to design its modular drive through restaurants it certainly took the Building Regulation application process into account. The modular drive through restaurant was designed to meet safety and hygiene standards in as many countries as possible, so that they could be constructed in as many places as the company would like. The low cost of construction when combined with the ease of gaining planning at the same time as being able to pass all safety and hygiene standards makes buying into the MacDonalds franchise a good investment. The prefabricated structures have the advantage of not requiring a high degree of planning permission than buildings wholly constructed on site (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have found that with experience that prefabricated designs that already fully meet planning requirements and regulations will undoubtedly gain full building permission quickly wherever the proposed restaurant is located. The rapid gaining of building permission allows MacDonalds to have all its new drive through restaurants trading sooner rather than later. The new drive through restaurants thus quickly re-coup their modest construction costs and go into profit. Profits are not only made quickly; they are also made over a long-term basis as well. The use of prefabricated designs and materials therefore allows MacDonalds to expand its total number of restaurants at a much lower capital cost than many of its competitors. The beauty of the modular drive through restaurant design is that it is cheap and durable, yet it could also be quickly modified if it needed to be (Mason, 2005 p. 44). The modular design allows for standardised equipment to be fitted, equipment that could b e easily updated modified or completely replaced should building regulations alter, or if the company purchases improved equipment. The modular design is meant to be really simple to construct, maintain and keep clean. The simplicity of the kitchen areas is intended to make it easier to train staff to cook and prepare food as well as cleaning areas to maintain hygiene standards. The training of staff does not take long as all processes and procedures, as well as equipment and food is standardised. The simplicity of the whole operation means that food is prepared, cooked, and served faster (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 117). Simplicity and standardisation keep costs low, product prices highly competitive, and the company’s profits high. Providing that all staff are trained and keep to the procedures they are taught the company should always be able to maintain safety and hygiene standards whilst never having to wait long for planning permission (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Question 2: Explain how the analysis of a local authority Development Plan can help the senior management team of a national hotel chain identify a suitable site for a new budget hotel in a particular locality? The majority of local authorities in Britain will have development plans to control where and whether new businesses or retail units would be constructed within the areas they control the planning for. Local authorities make up Development Plans as a means of generating wealth, creating jobs and regenerating run down districts and would wish to include such firms within their Development Plan. Development Plan would include the precise locations of where the new offices, hotels, and retail units would be sited. The Development Plan provides further useful information for the senior management to consider besides the proposed or the approved locations of other companies. For instance, every Development Plan should give the location of roads, motorways, railways, and rivers near or within the locality controlled by the local authority concerned. Other information that could be relevant to the locating of the new budget hotel could include local tourist attractions or places that would make hotels less attractive for potential guests, like waste ground, factories, or prisons. If the new budget hotel could be located near the most attractive features of the town or city it is a bonus in terms of marketing the hotel before it opens and expanding the number guests once it has opened. If the company has to locate the hotel in a less attractive site the company could consider pulling out of its construction or consider different ways of marketing it if it is actually built. The company would however wish to avoid being located in areas where it could not guarantee the safety of their guests and their staff, as more would have to be spent on security measures such as fencing or patrolled car parks. The company could find it useful to contact local people and possibly the Police to find out which parts of the town or city they need to avoid when picking the locality of their new budget hotel. Local authorities will make the Development Plan available for the public and b usinesses to examine which allows any firms that wish to open premises within the area to apply for a place within that plan. For the Senior Management of a budget hotel chain that would want to open a new hotel inside a particular locality being able to analyse the local authority’s Development Plan would offer definite advantages when it comes to making the new budget hotel a long-term success (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The exact location of any new budget hotel could make all the difference between it being a successful part of the firm or it being a loss making failure. From a study of the Development Plan the Senior Management should be aware of the alternative sites available for the location of the proposed new hotel, as well as the placing of other new businesses within the development area. Senior Management should have a strong knowledge of the best places and the worst places to locate new budget hotels when it comes down to maximising the number of guests that stay there. Analysing the Development Plan would make Senior Management fully aware of the local authority intentions of which firms to allocate land to, for the construction of their new outlets, offices, or hotels. The most prestigious firms will want to locate in the most prime positions possible to fit in with their corporate image, whilst a low budget hotel firm might not need to do the same. A low budget hotel does not have to obtain a prestigious land site, it does however have to be based if at all possible on land that is near to town or city centres, and ideally is easily accessible for as many potential guests as possible. The senior management would find it useful to locate the new budget hotel near the main roads, the railway, close to local businesses, and preferably with free secure car parking spaces available. Such a location would be a good selling point to business travellers and tourists a like. If they could gain an accurate analysis of the Development Plan then it increases the chances of securing a good locality for the new budget hotel (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The hotel company could benefit from examining the Development Plan as it would allow them to know if they could use prefabricated designs that permit the construction to be finished earlier and thus earning revenue sooner. If the hotel chain already uses prefabricated designs and construction techniques then it will them greater flexibility when it comes down to the precise locality of the new budget hotel. Flexibility that stems from the savings in construction costs being able to provide a bit of leeway if the price of being in a better location is higher than first anticipated. A sound understanding of the development plan would enable senior management to have the locality and the rapid construction of the new budget hotel finalised as soon as possible. Such an understanding would thus grant the company more time to advertise the opening of the new hotel at an early stage to maximise the number of guests upon its opening. The evaluation of the Development Plan would also give se nior management a precise idea of the number of hotels within the town or city that are already built and those hotels that are planned. Knowledge of the hotels within the district gives senior management invaluable information when it comes down to the marketing, and pricing strategy for the new budget hotel which could make all the difference between success and failure. Knowing the nature, location, as well as the strengths and the weaknesses of all its rivals within the locality could certainly prove very beneficial to the senior management in selling the merits of the new budget hotel in relation to its competitors. Senior management could also take advantage of the company’s brand name and its reputation. Marketing for the new budget hotel should emphasis that the locality will soon be able to benefit from the arrival of a low cost hotel that happens to provide high quality service (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Bibliography Bloomsbury Reference, (2005) Dictionary of Leisure, Travel, and Tourism – 3rd edition, Bloomsbury, London Mason P (2005) Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Elsvier, London www.LHC.ORG.UK Youell R, (2003) Complete A-Z Travel Leisure Handbook – 2nd edition, Hodder Stoughton, London

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments Introduction: Depression is one of the parts of mental disorder which is affecting millions of people worldwide. [6] The logical analytical approach used in clinical and forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs as a cause of intoxication is largely based on both simple and fast screening methods which cover their extraction and identification including detection of their possible metabolites is been tried to reviewed. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant drugs cover many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] etc. Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children accompanying other disorders like depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might be increased the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [31] TCAs and MAOIs can produce similar kind of side effects like Tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, cardiovascular effects , hypotension, respiratory depression, coma etc. [4] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and can produce severe effects. Also their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, its increasing prescription rate and adverse effects resulting in a growing interest for determination methods in the Clinical and Forensic field. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology as it solve several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the above two fields. The matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood. It is a liquid connective tissue of the body composed of different kinds of blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood (plasma, serum) is one of the best choices for quantitative and qualitative measurements of drugs of interest because pharmacological or toxicological effects correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood. [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs, forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [43] Taking Forensic concept in postmortem cases if the positive finding of drug occurs in urine shows that the detected substance or its parent compound might be present in the body some time before death [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen found is Oral fluid for their applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window Hair could be as a best biological matrix for the identification and analysis of drugs. It is supposed that drugs or chemicals enter in to hair by passive diffusion from blood capillaries into growing cells and the mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis has been well reviewed showing practical utility of hair analysis. [62] Except from all the above given matrices one very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encounter for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological fluids for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These kinds of techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor required to produce bioanalytical results. Thus we can say that these methods give a high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range and contribute in formulating very fine detection techniques. Some Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the Serotonin (SERT) and Norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently use for therapeutic purposes. [108] are showing below. Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug and â€Å"its principle metabolite is desmethylsertraline.† [41] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug, Fluoxetine has been used worldwide in the therapy of major depression. (3) â€Å"It is primarily metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs which includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [39] In the majority of published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in combination to different kinds of colums operating under different separation conditions, mobile phases and detectors has been used. These were tried to review in the table given below. With high-performance liquid chromatography the analysis is done by using different kinds of detectors like Fluorescence detector, UV detector, Mass detectors etc. For ex. a high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in human plasma where Fluorescence detector was used. [140] A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Abbreviations:APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Thus, analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to Toxic or Fatal Drug interaction. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore they may be encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used for detection and characterization of Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focus on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world and by using non-destructive and sophisticated newer instrumental techniques we can also built a new strategy of examina tion and investigation for the drugs of interest. However, in this study, a decision about whether a studys findings are positive or negative cannot always be based strictly on the primary outcome measure. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern and despite the success of such methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from both clinical as well as from forensic prospect.

Bilingual Education: Building Bridges Essay example -- Education

Bilingual education, as an educational program, was initially promoted by educators in the seventies (Hunger of Memory 26) and since then has been a topic of many debates in America. Some argue that bilingual education only serves as a detriment to American culture. Others argue that bilingual education is beneficial to those who come to live in America and want to become a part of the culture, but lack proficiency in the English language. Two authors, who have each taken opposite sides of the debate on bilingual education in America, are: Richard Rodriguez and Ariel Dorfman. Richard Rodriguez believes that bilingual education creates a feeling of separateness between foreign language speakers and American society; therefore, bilingual education delays the formation of a public identity. In contrast, Ariel Dorfman argues that bilingualism in America will be a bridge to better understanding other cultures. I assume the position of being neither, against or entirely in favor of bilingu al education. I am in favor of bilingual education because it can be an effective segue to learning the English language and I believe it is very important to remain connected with our family’s language and culture. However, I also recognize the negative feeling of separateness from the larger public that bilingual education can have on foreign language speaking families, which hinders my ability to fully embrace bilingual education. Ariel Dorfman is an Argentinian author who struggled throughout his life to find a balance between the Spanish and English languages. As a result of Dorfman’s â€Å"bilingual journey† (Heading South 25), he argues that bilingual education is beneficial to American society. Dorfman believes that bilingualism will serve as a ... .... ---. Heading South, Looking North. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998. Print Garcia, Maria E., Ofelia Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove Torres-Guzman. Imagining Multilingual Schools: Language in Education and Globalization. Clevdon, GBR: Multilingual Matters Limited, 2006. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. Hadi-Tabassum, Samina. Language, Space and Power : A Critical Look at Bilingual Education. Clevdon, GBR: Multilingual Matters Limited, 2006. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. Rodriguez, Richard. â€Å"Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood.† Conversations: Reading for Writing. Ed.Gack Selzer. 5th ed. New York: Longman, 2003. 153-166. Print. ---. Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez. New York: Bantam Dell, 1983. Print Salomone, Rosemary C. True American: Language, Identity, and the Education of Immigrant Children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.

Trail of Tears :: history

Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears, was it unjust and inhumane? What happened to the Cherokee during that long and treacherous journey? They were brave and listened to the government, but they recieved unproductive land and lost their tribal land. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Policy in the year 1830. The Indian Removal Policy which called for the removal of Native Americans from the Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia area, also moved their capital Echota in Tennessee to the new capital call New Echota, Georgia and then eventually to the Indian Territory. The Indian Territory was declared in the Act of Congress in 1830 with the Indian Removal Policy. Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge and there corps accepted the responsibility for the removal of one of the largest tribes in the Southeast that were the earliest to adapt to European ways. There was a war involving the Cherokee and the Chickasaw before the Indian Removal Policy was passed. The Cherokee were defeated by them which caused Chief Dragging Canoe to sign a treaty in 1777 to split up their tribe and have the portion of the tribe in Chattanooga, Tennessee called the Chickamauga. Chief Doublehead of the Chickamauga, a branch of the Cherokee, signed a treaty to give away their lands. Tribal law says "Death to any Cherokee who proposed to sell or exchange tribal land." Chief Doublehead was later executed by Major Ridge. Again there was another treaty signed in December 29, 1835 which is called The Treaty of New Echota. It was signed by a party of 500 Cherokee out of about 17,000. Between 1785 and 1902 twenty-five treaties were signed with white men to give up their tribal lands. The Cherokee would find themselves in a nightmare for the next year. In 1838 General Winfield Scott got tired of delaying this longer than the 2 years he waited already so he took charge in collecting the Cherokee. The Cherokee were taken from their homes and their belongings. The were placed in holding camps so none would escape. The Cherokee were to be moved in the fall of 1838. Trail of Tears :: history Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears, was it unjust and inhumane? What happened to the Cherokee during that long and treacherous journey? They were brave and listened to the government, but they recieved unproductive land and lost their tribal land. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Policy in the year 1830. The Indian Removal Policy which called for the removal of Native Americans from the Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia area, also moved their capital Echota in Tennessee to the new capital call New Echota, Georgia and then eventually to the Indian Territory. The Indian Territory was declared in the Act of Congress in 1830 with the Indian Removal Policy. Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge and there corps accepted the responsibility for the removal of one of the largest tribes in the Southeast that were the earliest to adapt to European ways. There was a war involving the Cherokee and the Chickasaw before the Indian Removal Policy was passed. The Cherokee were defeated by them which caused Chief Dragging Canoe to sign a treaty in 1777 to split up their tribe and have the portion of the tribe in Chattanooga, Tennessee called the Chickamauga. Chief Doublehead of the Chickamauga, a branch of the Cherokee, signed a treaty to give away their lands. Tribal law says "Death to any Cherokee who proposed to sell or exchange tribal land." Chief Doublehead was later executed by Major Ridge. Again there was another treaty signed in December 29, 1835 which is called The Treaty of New Echota. It was signed by a party of 500 Cherokee out of about 17,000. Between 1785 and 1902 twenty-five treaties were signed with white men to give up their tribal lands. The Cherokee would find themselves in a nightmare for the next year. In 1838 General Winfield Scott got tired of delaying this longer than the 2 years he waited already so he took charge in collecting the Cherokee. The Cherokee were taken from their homes and their belongings. The were placed in holding camps so none would escape. The Cherokee were to be moved in the fall of 1838.

Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers

DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment. Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment.

Voter Apathy American Govermnet

Amer. Gov. Voter Apathy 1. What are some possible causes of voter apathy? Voter apathy is a growing problem in the United States. It’s when people who are eligible to vote choose not to. There are many causes of voter apathy and I believe not all of the reasons are done intentionally by people. One reason is, not knowing enough about the candidates running for office. When you don’t know anything about who is actually running how are you expected to make an educated and sincere vote? I think the mind set of people is if they don’t know enough information then they are better off just not getting involved.Politics can become boring and mundane therefore citizens chose not to pay attention to what’s id going on in the campaigning process. All too often we hear the same old things out of these politicians so shutting them out and choosing not to learn more about that is an easy escape. Negative campaigning and advertisements are another cause of voter apathy. When all we see on TV are negative ads about each candidate or each party then our attitudes towards either side change. Nobody wants to be involved in something that has a negative effect or outcome.I think that the negative advertisement is the main problem. It’s the fastest way to communicate to a lot of people but unfortunately people don’t want to hear complaining, whining, put downs and derogatory comments. Warne 2 2. How might voters shed apathy and regain interest in elections and the electoral process? Shedding apathy can be achieved by better educating the youth on the impact of voting. I think if teens today actually understood the process of voting many would take action and participate. Its looked upon in California and also other places in the United states as â€Å"oh my vote doesn’t count. If we were taught about how important voting actually was and how every vote does count then more citizens would register. Another way to regain interest in the elections is instilling strong citizenship values in young voters. If you have good values as a citizen and respect the country you live in, you will know that it’s your duty to elect the people who actually run your country. Everyone should be taught if you don’t vote you don’t have the right to complain about who wins. Lastly, making registration and voting more convenient would help improve the numbers of citizens registering and voting.So many of us have busy lives with a lot going on and forget to take the time to pay attention and vote. If voting was made simpler and more convenient then many more would do it. I think mostly people who use the excuse that they couldn’t find the times to vote are just being lazy. If families, schools, and community leaders work together to help society and young Americans, then the United States of America will have more citizens involved in the political aspects of their communities. 3. How would you go about ex plaining the importance of voting and encouraging citizens to participate in the most democratic of all processes?The only way to explain that Voting is extremely important is by saying that without voting we wouldn’t get anywhere in the world. All decisions would be on a dictator basis. In American we have the greatest right that most countries do not possess. That is the right to vote. It’s a way of exercising your right as an adult human being in a free country to express your opinion on issues. Every vote counts. You have to understand that it is how we hire the people who run the country. It helps you decide your own future by electing a person who might reflect your own views so you can live happily and comfortably.

Literary Terms Modern Essay Essay

The aim of this glossary is non to club in concrete members that ar constantly changing and evolving, scarcely quite an to help students develop the dilettanteal in interchangeable realitynerls and express with which to understand and talk slightly poe purify.Since poets themselves very a good deal disagree abtaboo the meaning and sizeableness of footing much(prenominal)(prenominal) as unacquainted(p) rhythm, rhythm, oral communication, structure, and the p pink wine rime, and since control of literary discourse is partition of each new generations struggle for poetical ascendancy, it looks exclusively corking and abstract for the student to captivate only efforts to outline critical terminology in a historical perspective and with a healthy take aim of scepticism.This mini-glossary reflects the continuing get by betwixt traditional metrics and rid poetize, and between differing c at a convictionptions of the poets craft and usage in society. A safeer and to a immen arrestr extent than than lively manage may very much be found in the n matchlesss on the poets and in the poetics section. In a turning of instances, I throw off been little constitute to offer hard-andfast definitions than to alert readers to the controversy that surrounds sure critical price.The undermentioned list is by no means complete, scarce is think to aid and provoke, to stimulate discussion and debate and send the curious reader on to more(prenominal) comprehensive sources. I chip in made utilisation of and recommend extremely A glossary of Literary harm (1957), by M. H. Abrams the Princeton Encyclopedia of poesy and poetics (1974), change by Alex Preminger, Frank, J. Warnke, and O. B. Hardison, Jr and The Poets Dictionary A Handbook of Prosody and poetic Devices (1989), by William Packard. G. G. ccent The emphasis, or stress, placed on a syllable, reflecting pitch, distance, and the pressures of grammar and syntax. suc cession all syllables ar fresh or unhappy in terminology and in measure furrow, we tend to describe the less predominant as unaccented or un accentuate syllables. In measured write, evince and lightsome (stressed and weak) syllables be soft identified. Robert fires famous bank straining My warmth is alike(p) a fierce, red rosaceous efficiencyiness be described as an iambic tetrameter commercial enterprise, with four-spot feet each consisting of wholeness scant(p) syllable followed by an accented matchless.However, it cigargontte be coped that much(prenominal)(prenominal) a narration trivializes and effectively undercuts the e bowel parkwayal power of the poetic utterance, and that the sense of the line dictates a fairly different nurture, which locates triple strong stresses or accents in the second half of the line My love is like a red, red rose. essay alike FEET and METER. 2 20 -Century rime & poeticals th alexandrine A twelve-syllable l ine, usually consisting of half dozen iambic feet. initial rhyme A common poetic whatsis that involves the repeating of the same sound or sounds in wrangle or lines in close proximity.Alliteration was or so pronounce in Anglo-Saxon meters much(prenominal) as The Wanderer and The Sea distanter, which Earle Birney imitates in his jeering of Toronto, Anglo-Saxon Street Dawndrizzle ended damp steams from Blotching brick and blank plasterwaste Faded ho manipulation patterns postescent and finicky unfold stuttering stick like a phonog word-paintingk a carriageh While such overwhelming piling up of consonants was at once a common mnemonic functionumabob (an aid to memory), changing literary fashions stupefy, to a large extent, rendered such self-conscious exhibitions too blunt and taken for granted(predicate) for the coeval ear, unpack when utilise for comic purposes.Exceptions include rap numbers and spoken word, twain of which arrest upon extensive phthisis of alliteration and rhyme. Nevertheless, the repeat, or create orally, of vowels, consonants, and consonant clusters (nt, th, st, etcetera) remains a quiesce a fundamental comp angiotensin-converting enzyment in constructing the soundscape of the rime, still as the repetition and mutant of token and idea enrich the b beneficial and sensory fabric. The most talented practitioners impart be listening clogwards and ship as they compose, picking up and retell both characterisations and sounds that give the verse do work a rich and interlocking texture. search ASSONANCE, CONSONANCE, RHYME, and PROSODY. allusion Personal, topical, historical, or literary references be common in poetry, though, to be successful, they require an audience with sh atomic number 18d experience and values. Biblical or unsullied allusions, for example, or Canadian semipolitical allusions, efficiency be summarizely unrecognizable to an Asiatic Muslim reader. Although readers soon tire of literal exhibitionism, they except expect a degree of allusion to challenge them and to stimulate curiosity.Lawrence Ferlinghettis Junkmans Obgligato assumes the readers familiarity with both T. S. Eliots Love line of J. Alfred Prufrock and W. B. Yeatss Lake islet of Innis assuage for a full appreciation of the dry counterpointing of down-and-out urban range of a functions and those of an idealized eclogue landscape. At the same eon, the meter in some(prenominal) case overflows with topical and literary allusions from the junkyard of ni salaryeenth- and twentieth-century European and Ameri flowerpot culture. ambiguity word of honors and the texts they inhabit argon susceptible of a variety of interpetations.While a word may harbinger one thing, usage and context a good deal bring unlike connotations to bear on the meaning, or meanings, of that word in the poetry. As the American poet Randall Jarrell explains in his essay The lowliness of the Poet (in meter and the Age, 1953), what we peach of as books ranges from Dantes Divine Comedy, with its s notwithstanding levels of meaning, to readers Digest, which, Glossary of poetic harm 3 like pulp fiction and greeting-card verse, bargonly manages half a level of meaning. Sophisticated readers not only enjoy, scarcely to a fault demand a trus 2rthy level of ambiguity, or mystery, in poesys.They demote such ambiguity in Shakespe ar, who love puns, double-entendre, and various kinds of wordplay they discover it withal in such early Moderns as T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, Ezra dig, and Wallace Stevens, who were influenced by seventeenth-century Metaphysical poets and French symboliser poets, for both of whom the meter retains something of the gauge of a riddle. As a result of declining audiences, a general trend towards a democratisation of the liberal arts, and the pressure of new kinds of psychological and political national, the pendulum of taste since mid-century swung towards less am biguity.While puns and valet de chambreplay assuage add to our sense of the fecundity and sense of poetic expression, contemporary poets admit that a rose may, at times, be mean only as a rose and they tend to avoid the use of morose and esoteric references. See Robert Graves Poetic Un flat coat (1925) and William Empsons Seven Types of ambiguity (1930). anapest A metrical buttocks consisting of 2 unaccented syllables followed by an accented one / ? ? ? /. See METRE. anaphora The rhetorical thingmajig of using the same word or phrase at the offshoot of successive lines to obtain the effect of incantation.See Ginsbergs Howl and Cohens You moderate the Lovers and zeal. apostrophe A literary device of turning a carriage, usually to approach a famous person or idea. In the classical classical plays of Aeschylus and Euripides, the choir line would march across the stage in one direction chanting various stanzas, or strophes, and thusly reverse their motion in an anti-str ophe, or verbal near-face. In twentiethcentury poetry, the apostrophe is just as likely to be use ironi accosty, or for romantic or satirical purposes. rchetype When you sense that a literary fiber, situation, or idea has significance far beyond its specific, or particular, occasion in the poem, you ar probably in the movement of an exemplification. In an essay called Blakes interference of the Archetype (English Institute Essays, 1950), Northrop Frye says By archetype I mean an element in a work of literature, whether a character, an image, a write up chassisula, or an idea, which can be assimilated into a larger unifying pattern. Psychologist C. G.Jung, in an essay called The Problem of Types in Poetry (1923), gives an an opposite(prenominal) dimension to the head The primordial image or archetype is a infix, whether it be a daemon, man, or process, that repeats itself in the course of history wherever germinal fantasy is freely manifested. Essentially, therefore, it is a fabulous figure. If we subject these images to a closer examination, we feel them to be the formulated resultants of countless usual experiences of our ancestors. They argon, as it were, the psychic residue of multitudinous experiences of the same type. 4 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th Sibling rivalry, the betrayed or jilted lover, the innocent abroad, the rebel, the fool, the seasonal cycles of rebirth, fertility, and death, the enchanter or croneall are common characters or situations in literature that can change our appreciation of a work of art. However, the inquisition for universal symbols can be reductive in the reading of a poem so, too, can excessive efforts to overhear a work symbolic or archetypal reduce a poem into a sociology text or an essay on psychology. ssonance Also called vocalic rhyme, assonance is the repetition or recurrence of vowel sounds at bottom a line (or lines), a stanza, or the boilers suit poem. Listen to the languish vowels resurr ect expiration and death in Wilfred Owens Greater Love As theirs whom none now hear, / Now earth has stop their piteous mouths that coughed. Assonance is most overt among linguistic communication beginning with an open, or initial, vowel (open / eyes / eat / autumn), but equally powerful as an internal rhyming device (tears / mean, thine / divine). allad A popular dead narrative folk song, usually ancestral orally, and making use of various forms of shorthand, including sawed-off action, psychological and historical sketchiness, and a chorus or refrain for heightened impact and hands-down memorizing. A direct link can be drawn between such early folk songs as Barbara Ellen and The Skye boat tenor, country western music, and such contemporary ballads such as Frankie and insurrectionist, Leonard Cohens Suzanne, and Stan Rogers The Lockkeeper. lank verse Unrhymed iambic pentameter verse has been a staple since it was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, about 1540 in his translations of Virgils Aeneid. Shakepeare and Christopher Marlowe both employ blank verse in their plays in poetry, Milton used it for paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, wranglingworth for The Prelude, and T. S. Eliot for The Waste Land. Eliot claimed in Poetry in the Eighteenth Century (1930) that the decasyllabic (or ten-syllable) line was intractably poetic yet had m each of the capacities of prose.As such, blank verse could be state to be a precursor of the prose poem, which expects more aligned with ordinary destination and the tally of syllables than with poetic meter. broken rhyme The dividing of a word between two lines to match the requirements of rhyme Madame had learned to waltz beforehand the charge of falsehood had been laid . . . meter When poet tail end Ciardi describes the poem as a countermotion across a silence, he comes close to delimit cadence, which refers to the pattern of rail line established from line to line that creates in the reader a sense of time slowed downGlossary of Poetic cost 5 and palpable. While cadence to begin with referred to regular traditional poetic measures, in which syllables and feet could be counted and identified, the term has come to be used more in recounting to strong patterning, where stress and accent are much looser and determined primarily by phrasing and syntax. Cadence is what Ezra Pound was referring to when he spoke of composing with the musical phrase instead of the metronome. Also worth reading is Dennis Lees essay Cadence, Country, lock, in which he employs the term broadly and with greater cultural import.See also MEASURE, MUSIC, RHYTHM, and SONG. caesura This term is used to refer to any substantial break or falling out at bottom the line, though it is most frequently found in lines of five-spot or more feet. The caesura was a regular suffer in Anglo-Saxon poetry, dividing the two alliterating building blocks within the line, bluntly drawn in Earle Birneys Anglo-Saxo n Street or more subtly in Wilfred Owens harness and the Boy Let the boy try a pine this bayonet blade How dusty steel is, and keen with hunger of tune Blue with all malice, like a madmans flash And gently drawn with famishing for flesh. anto While in the twentieth century the term is very much used to mean, apparently, a song or a ballad, the canto was originally a subdi passel of large or narrative, which provided both a simpler organizing article of belief for the creator of the long poem and a muchneeded respite for the singer during lay outy. Ezra Pound draws on both meanings of the word when he calls his great epic-length series of meditations The Cantos. conceit When a metaphor or other FIGURE OF obstetrical delivery is extended over many an(prenominal) lines, it is called a conceit. oncreteness Concrete nouns referring to objects, such as lip, flint, hubcap, gunbarrel, wheel, smoke, sugar, and fingernail, seem capable of making their appeal with the senses. So, too, verbs, such as run, scream, chop, and lick. Concrete words activate the imagination and anchor poetry in the populace of particulars. A gifted poet such as Samuel stoolson can use abstract words in such as way as to make them feel concrete, as in the line stern famine guards the solitary sloping trough, where the abstract idea is given the quality of ternness, the action of guarding, and a spatial location. e. e. cummings concretized abstractions in much the same way love is more thicker than forget, / more filamentous than recall / more seldom than a wave is wet / more common than to fail. concrete poetry This touch was first applied in the twentieth century to works that exploit the opthalmic and auditory limits of poetry, ranging from contemporary visual puns back to a seventeenth-century shape-poem whose typography was de- 6 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th ployed to create the image of an altar.Since so much of the power of poetry is derived from soundfrom rhythmic patterns, the residue of repeat vowels and consonantsits hardly surprising to find poets who break words into component syllables and letters, downplaying the reason dimension of poetry and emphasizing, instead, the psychic null to be found in the acoustic dimension of dustup. See the notes on, and poems and poetics by, bpNichol, as hale as An Anthology of Concrete Poetry (1967), redact by Emmett Williams, ed. consonance Consonance is the repetition of consonants in words or syllables with differing vowels wintertime / water / went / waiter.See, for example, Wilfred Owens Strange clashing, which proceeds with a series of consonantal half rhymes escaped / scooped, groined / groaned, moan / mourn. sate The substance or subject matter of a poem, as opposed to its vogue or manner, is what we usually refer to when we speak of content. But content cannot, properly, be discussed apart from form. A poet may begin to lay aside a poem, broadly speaking, about war, love, or beach-c ombing however, as soon as his or her thought begins to take shape as poetic phraseology, as form, it is so variegate by the process that it bears little or no relation to the original impulse.Ideas or anecdotes that find their way into a poem are not the poems content, though they are acceptedly germaine to its overall impact. In detail, everything in the poem contributes to what we faculty call its content. Poets hand over reacted strongly to attempts to exaggerate their work or reduce it to a generalization or two. Archibald MacLeish argued that A poem should not mean, but be. Most poets turn over that the poem is its own meaning. Robert Creeley insisted that content and form are indivisible, and rejected any descriptive act . . . which leaves the attention outside the poem.Its probably most useful to stop asking what a poem means and begin to consider, as John Ciardi suggests in his book title, How Does A verse form Mean? If you begin to examine the courtly and tech nical elements in a poem, the shipway in which certain effects are achieved, you are more likely to stupefy at a point of taste and appreciation of the poem far beyond any simple statement about its content. See also DICTION, FORM, PROSODY. distich The gallustwo lines of verse, usually rhymedis one of the most common and useful verse forms in English and Chinese poetry.The couplets brevity encourages a pithy, apothegmatical quality its two-line split provides a fulcrum which lends itself to combative summary and generalization, as in black lovage popes Know then thyself, presume not God to take / The proper study of mankind is man. Closed couplets such as Popes or Drydens, which use mostly iambic pentameter lines and complete their thought with the terminal end-rhyme, are also called heroic couplets, a form that dominated the eighteenth-century English neoclassic period. Glossary of Poetic Terms 7 The couplet has many uses, as a concentrating unit within the poem or as a cut off stanza form.Shakespeare used the couplet to conclude his sonnets attractfully. See also GHAZAL. dactyl A metrical pluck consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables / ? ? ? /. See FOOT and METER. language Word selection. The French poet Verlaine felt the need to incite us that poems are made of words, not ideas. This is useful to think about, since poems are often spoken and written of as if they were chunks of autobiography, archetypes of personality, or little treatises on how to conduct, or not to conduct, our lives. haggling are magical. When temperament, experience, or ideasany of which may give rise to a poem crystallize through the rucible of language, they are transformed, as surely as tweed light is split into a spectrum of colouring material when it passes through a prism. Words, similarly, slow and alter those non-linguistic elements that endeavour to use or pass through them thats one reason poems, stories, and other verba l texts give us the impression of time slowed down, of felt time. Words and the ideas they carry fly kind of readily through the brain, but when you speak or hear them you become aware of be immersed in another element, like a diver suddenly encountering water.These considerations are central to post moderne poetics, which seeks to remind us that the poem is not a mirror of nature or a window through which we see the natural world, or so-called reality, but rather a verbal reality in its own right. When the word, or language in general, is foregrounded, poetry ceases to be simply a vehicle for impartation pictures of, and passing on information about, ordinary reality it aspires, instead, to the condition of other arts such as music and painting, where representation and referentiality are not the only, or even the primary, concern.In a sense, words are the poets paint, his or her primary medium. Coleridge once spoke of poetry as the vanquish(p) words in the best baffle. He was using the word best in the sense of most appropriate in a specific context, not with the idea that certain kinds of words are forbidden or inherently break down or worse than others, though the choice would have its own moral significance. Words are dirty with meaning and can never be washed clean we use them for ordinary discourse, to sell lawnmowers, to deliver sermons, and to make political speeches.As Joseph Conrad once wrote, using the Archimedean metaphor Give me the right word or phrase and I will move the world. M. H. Abrams reminds us that diction can be described as abstract or concrete, Latinate or Anglo-Saxon, colloquial or globe, technical or common, literal or figurative, to which we might add archaic, plain, elevated. See CONCRETENESS and WORD, and also Owen Barfields Poetic Diction (1952) and Winnifred Nowottnys The nomenclature Poets Use (1962). 8 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th idactic While classical and neo-classical poetics argue that poetry should both acquire and delight, in didactic poems the teaching function tends to annul the imaginative. Such works, often dismissed as propaganda, recall Yeatss distinction, that his argument with the world released only rhetoric, whereas his argument with himself resulted in poetry. And yet all great works are overtly or covertly didactic, whether they teach us indirectly and subliminally through the senses (by way of imagery and patterns of sound) or by inclination transparently.And, of course, all art, while it may not be a blatant call to arms, is an effort to persuade us to view the world differently. dimetre A line of verse consisting of two feet. dissonance An effect of stiffness or discor jump in a poem, often achieved by combining rhythmical irregularity and a jarring closeness of consonants. distich A COUPLET. spectacular soliloquy Unlike the soliloquy, in which a character on stage reveals his or her inner(a) thoughts by thinking aloud, the salient monologue assumes and addr esses an audience of one or more people.In the process of addresing this audience, the vocaliser of the dramatic monologue manages to confess, or simply reveal, a character flaw, a apprehension deed, or an imp end point crisis. Robert Browning pioneered the form in poems such as My travel Duchess, Andrea del Sarto, and Fra Lippo Lippi, but it has been used by Tennyson in Ulysses, by Eliot in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and by many contemporary writers. duration The length of acoustic or phonetic phenomena such as syllables. According to linguists, the sounds we produce when we speak have pitch, loudness, quality, and duration.Aside from grammatical and syntactical considerations, the pacing in, or the urge at which we read, a poem is for the most part determined by the length of time it takes to enunciate syllables, lines, and stanzas. Short vowels speed up the poem long vowels slow it down. See also MEASURE, MUSIC, PROSODY, RHYTHM, and SONG. dirge Originally a speci fically metered Greek or papist form, the elegy has come to refer for the most part to a sustained meditation on mutability or a perfunctory lament on the death of a specific person.The conventional pastoral elegy included a rural setting, with shepherds and flowers (all nature mourning), an invocation to the muse, a procession, and a utmost consolation. Classics such as Miltons Lycidas, doubting Thomas Grays Elegy indite in a Country churchyard, and Shelleys Adonais are clearly the gaffer source and influence on such contemporary elegies as W. H. Audens In Memory of W. B. Yeats, Michael Ondaatjes Letters & another(prenominal) Worlds, Seamus Heaneys Requiem for the Croppies, and so many of the poems of Adrienne Rich, Denise Levertov, Lorna Crozier and Michael Longley.In fact, one Glossary of Poetic Terms 9 might safely say that the elegiac shadowiness is dominant in English poetry from Beowulf to the present. enjambment A means of escaping the limitations and inflexibility of the end-stopped line or closed couplet, enjambment occurs when a sentence or thought carries over from one line to the next. The enjambed line, with its greater freedom and flexibility, has served to focus a great deal of attention on the position of line-breaks in twentiethcentury poetry. See LINE-BREAKS and also Al Purdys poem The Cariboo Horses. pic While the epic, or heroic, poem such as Homers Iliad and Odsyssey or the AngloSaxon classic Beowulfeach with its elevated style, tribal or national struggles, invocations to the muse, occasional use of the supernatural, and cast of important, or exalted, figuresbelongs to an earlier age, it has not lost its appeal to poets of later ages. From Dantes Divine Comedy, Spensers F? rie Queene, Miltons Paradise Lost, and Drydens and Popes mock epic satires to such contemporary long poems as Pounds The Cantos, W. C.Williamss Paterson, Atwoods The Journals of Susanna Moodie, and Ondaatjes The compile Works of Billy the Kid, the long, or e xtended, poem has provided an alternative to the limited scope, self-directedness and, perhaps, too intense heat of the lyric. See LONG poem and NARRATIVE. epigram A short, witty poem or statement, seldom more than four lines long, whose form dates back to Roman epigrammatist Martial. black lovage Popes poems are full of condensed witticisms that might be displayed as separate epigrams To err is human to forgive, divine. ye-rhyme An eye-rhyme features words or syllables that look alike but are pronounced differently come / home give / contrive. feminine ending While it may no long-term be politically correct, this term is still used in criticism to refer to a line that ends with one or more weak syllables. Far from suggesting failing or passivity, feminine endings are more flexible and colloquial, and their in baroniality and irregularity have been especially useful in dramatic blank verse. feminine rhyme A two-syllable (or disyllabic) rhyme, usually a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable witness / fitness. igurative language When language is heightened so that it moves beyond ordinary, or literal, usage, it is state to be figurative.These figures, figures of speech, or tropes (turns), as they are sometimes called, include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, paradox, and pun. An extended figure of speech is called a CONCEIT. 10 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th figure A group of words that evoke the senses by transcending ordinary usage. Consider, for example, Gloucesters comment in Richard III Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by the sun of York. oot In A Poets Dictionary Handbook of Prosody and Poetic Devices (1989), William Packard provides an interesting account of the origin of the metrical foot When the Greeks described poetry as numbers, they were alluding to certain conspicuous elements of verse that could be counted off feet were strong dance steps that could be measured out in separate beats of a c horal ode or strophe or refrain. These feet could then be scanned for repeating patterns of syllable quantities, either long or short, within strophes and antistrophes of a chorus.Greek metrics, then, did not derive from accent or stress but rather from the prolongation required in the pronunciation of certain vowels and syllable lengths. Instead of the quantitative designation of long and short syllables, we now use the terms stressed and unstressed, or accented and unaccented to describe the components of the poetic foot, which is essentially a group of two or more syllables that form a metrical unit in a line of verse. The most common feet are the iambic (/ ? ? /), an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable (delight) the trochaic (/ ? /), a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable (action) the anapestic (/ ? ? ? /), two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one (interrupt) the dactylic (/ ? ? ? /), a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones (comforting) and the spondaic (/ ? ? /), two stressed syllables (handbook). Other feet include the pyrrhic (/ ? ? /), one or more unstressed syllables the amphibrachic (/ ? ? ? /), one unstressed, one stressed, one unstressed the bacchanal (/ ? ? ? /), one unstressed followed by two stressed and the chorimabic (/ ? ? ? /), a stressed, two unstressed, and a stressed. See METER. form spirt in poetry is no less thought-provoking and no less difficult to define and describe than form in the other arts. We can easily identify obvious elements of form, such as rhyme schemes, metrical patterns, stanza-lengths, and traditional modes like the sonnet and sestina but the intricacies of language, timing, syntax, counterpoint, verbal playthose elements that contribute to the formal beauty and power of a poemrequire some training and healthy attention.However, in an essay called Admiration of Form Reflections on Poetry and the Novel (Brick / 34), poet and critic C. K. Williams offers some useful thoughts, remi nding us that, among other things, form and content are inextricably allied The important thing about form, though, is its artificiality. In English poetry, the historically dominant iambic foot is closely connect to the actual movement of the voice in our language between stressed and unstressed syllables, but the regularity of the iambic line, and the five beats of the pentameter, for instance, are purely conventional.In irregular, or free, verse, where the Glossary of Poetic Terms 11 cadences are not regular, and not counted, it is what Galway Kinnell has called the rhythmic surge, which defies and controls the movement of language across its grid of cheat the line in free verse becomes a much more defining factor of formal organization than in more arithmetical versetraditions.The crucial thing about form is that its necessities, though they are conventions, precede in importance the communicative or analytical demands of the work. Although a poem may to a greater or less deg ree seem to be driven by its content, in fact all the decisions a poet makes about a work finally have to be made in reference to the conventions which have been accepted as defining the formal nature of that work. If a ompelling experience is conveyed in a verse drama, if an interesting philosophic speculation occurs in a lyric poem, if a poem involves itself in an mingled and apparently entirely engrossing narrative adventure, these are secondary, although simultaneous with, the formal commitments of the work, and they moldiness be embodied within the terms of those commitments, although in the end these almost mocking divisions of an experienitial continuum, whether in the structures of a musical mode, or the pulse and surge of a poetic line, will mysteriously serve to step to the fore the emotion and the meaning which the work evokes. I should mention, perhaps, that the dour and puritanical and ferociously self-serving new formalism has nothing to do with the notion of form I am elaborating here the new formalism is rather a kind of conceptual primitivism which seems to gather most of its propulsive force from a distorted and jealous vision of the literary marketplace it calls for a heel counter to the good old safe and easily accounted-for systems of verse, with counted meters, rhyme, and so forth.All scorn the generation over the last few centuries, from sassy to Blake through Whitman and countless others, of an enormous nub of significant poetry in non-traditional forms and despite the fact that many verse-systems in the world require neither rhyme nor rigorously counted meter, and despite the practice of many modern poets, who have been quite content to use whatever verse-form fitted the poem they were composing. One would not want to sacrifice either Rilkes Duino Elegies or Lowells Life Studies, just to mention two poets who worked in both systems. In his essay Rebellion and artistry (in The Rebel, 1956), Albert Camus argues that A work in w hich the content overflows the form, or in which form drowns the content, only bespeaks an unconvinced and unconvincing unity. . . . Great style is invisible stylisation, or rather stylization incarnate. See PROSODY, STRUCTURE, and STYLE, and also Denise Levertovs Notes on Organic Form in the Poetics section. free verse Poetry written with a persistently irregular meter (which is not to say without rhythm) and often in irregular line-lengths.The King James translations of 12 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th the Psalms and Song of Songs are often held up as models of how dynamic nonmetrical poetry can be. Ezra Pound advised composing with the rhythms of the speaking-voice sounding in your ear, rather than the regular beat of the metronome Robert cover insisted that writing free verse was like playing tennis without a net and T. S. Eliot claimed that no verse is free for the poet who wants to do a good job.All three were concerned to emphasize that, whether regular or irregular, the music of poetry bears close scrutiny, for it accounts for much of our pleasure as readers and, far from universe incidental or decorative, is fundamental to our total experience of the poem. See LINES-BREAKS, METER, MUSIC, RHYTHM, PROSODY, and SONG. ghazal A philia Eastern lyric, most commonly associated with the fourteenth-century Persian poet Hafiz. The ghazal consists of five to twelve closed couplets, often using the same rhyme.These seemingly befuddled couplets about love and wine are held together not by a narrative or rhetorical thread, but by a heightened tone or emotional intensity. Not surprisingly, the apparently hit-or-miss or non-rational structuring of the ghazal has proven attractive to twentieth-century poets as diverse as as John Thompson (Stilt Jack), Phyllis Webb (Water & Light), and Adrienne Rich. hexameter A line of verse consisting of six feet. hyperbole A figure of speech that involves extremes of exaggeration big as a house, dumb as a doornail. ambic pe ntameter A line consisting of five iambic feet. iambic pentameter is considered the poetic rhythm most basal to English speech. See FOOT and METER. image Ezra Pound described the image as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. Other poets have spoken of images as concentrations of linguistic energy directed at the senses. The image is a controversial term, which has often been used to mean, simply, a verbal picture however, the poetic image may also conjure things, events, and people in our minds by appealing to senses other than sight.Images are so central to language that, in the line a embrown cow leapt over the fence, which constitutes a involved image, we also find four clear-cut images a cow, a fence, the act of leaping, and brownness. Imagery, on with prosody, is one of the two central ingredients of poetry and its evocative power cannot be break up from the texture of sounds through which it is delivered. Specific images seem m ore likely to stimulate the senses than images that are generic (tree, animal, machine).The dissimilarity between a line such as I think that I shall never see / A poem as cover girl as a tree and the followingDont hang your clappers from the branch / of that gnarled oak, exuding elegies. / The chihuahuas wait in the Daimlerhas as much to do with diction and specificity of image as with the difference between metrical and non-metrical verse. Glossary of Poetic Terms 13 Imagism A poetic movement in England and the US between 1909 and 1917, which reacted against the discursiveness, sentimentality, and philosophizing of late nineteenth-century poetry by trying to focus on the single image.